Effects of Vitamin D on Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Pilz, Stefan; Gaksch, Martin; Kienreich, Katharina; Grübler, Martin; Verheyen, Nicolas; Fahrleitner‐Pammer, Astrid; Treiber, Gerlies; Drechsler, Christiane; Hartaigh, Bríain ó; Obermayer–Pietsch, Barbara; Schwetz, Verena; Aberer, Felix; Mader, Julia K.; Scharnagl, Hubert; Meinitzer, Andreas; Lerchbaum, Elisabeth; Dekker, Joost; Zittermann, Armin; März, Winfried; Tomaschitz, Andreas

doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05319

Cited by 163 publications

(184 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…A recent meta-analysis on a large number of studies found no evidence of vitamin D supplementation on BP reduction (40). Also, two recent RCT in hypertensive patients with low 25(OH)D 3 levels did not find a significant effect of vitamin D supplementation on BP (24,365). Together, these findings do not support the use of vitamin D as treatment for hypertension.…”

Section: Iii) Randomized Control Trialsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Vitamin D: Metabolism, Molecular Mechanism of Action, and Pleiotropic Effects

Christakos

Dhawan

Verstuyf

et al. 2016

Physiological Reviews

1,435

1,234

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, [1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ] is the hormonally active form of vitamin D. The genomic mechanism of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 action involves the direct binding of the 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 activated vitamin D receptor/retinoic X receptor (VDR/RXR) heterodimeric complex to specific DNA sequences. Numerous VDR co-regulatory proteins have been identified, and genome-wide studies have shown that the actions of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 involve regulation of gene activity at a range of locations many kilobases from the transcription start site. The structure of the liganded VDR/RXR complex was recently characterized using cryoelectron microscopy, X-ray scattering, and hydrogen deuterium exchange. These recent technological advances will result in a more complete understanding of VDR coactivator interactions, thus facilitating cell and gene specific clinical applications. Although the identification of mechanisms mediating VDR-regulated transcription has been one focus of recent research in the field, other topics of fundamental importance include the identification and functional significance of proteins involved in the metabolism of vitamin D. CYP2R1 has been identified as the most important 25-hydroxylase, and a critical role for CYP24A1 in humans was noted in studies showing that inactivating mutations in CYP24A1 are a probable cause of idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia. In addition, studies using knockout and transgenic mice have provided new insight on the physiological role of vitamin D in classical target tissues as well as evidence of extraskeletal effects of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 including inhibition of cancer progression, effects on the cardiovascular system, and immunomodulatory effects in certain autoimmune diseases. Some of the mechanistic findings in mouse models have also been observed in humans. The identification of similar pathways in humans could lead to the development of new therapies to prevent and treat disease.

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Section: Iii) Randomized Control Trialsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Vitamin D: Metabolism, Molecular Mechanism of Action, and Pleiotropic Effects

Christakos

Dhawan

Verstuyf

et al. 2016

Physiological Reviews

1,435

1,234

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…27 These results were confirmed by another recent trial that found that cholecalciferol supplementation had no effect on 24-hour systolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients with low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. 28 Our study has some limitations that must be noted. First, the observational design limits inferring causality from these results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Plasma 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D and the Risk of Developing Hypertension

et al. 2015

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A pproximately 30% to 45% of the general population develops hypertension with a steep increase with aging. The effects of high blood pressure on cardiovascular disease risk are robust and continuous. Established complications of hypertension are stroke, coronary artery disease, and renal damage, which underlines the importance of every increase in blood pressure.1 Despite improved treatment and survival of cardiovascular disease, the leading cardiovascular risk factors do not fully explain hypertension risk. 1 The investigation of other risk factors of hypertension is important for a better understanding of the pathogenesis and possible treatment options to reduce the high burden of hypertension.Previous observational studies on the cardiovascular effects of vitamin D have predominantly relied on measurement of its inactive precursor, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 2-6 whereas the active form 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is the primary metabolite that elicits biological actions of vitamin D.7 Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D is widely accepted as a measure of vitamin D storage; however, the affinity of the vitamin D receptor for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is 1000-to 2000-fold higher than the affinity for 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is therefore the hormone that is principally responsible for the effects of vitamin D, despite the much lower concentrations when compared with 25-hydroxyvitamin D.8 Circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D works in close concert with parathyroid hormone (PTH), which upregulates 1-α-hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for converting 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.

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“…Major finding of the study was that low levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were associated with prevalent myocardial dysfunction, deaths due to heart failure, and SCD [15].…”

Section: Heart Diseasementioning

confidence: 98%

“…Suppression of the cardiac Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) and of natriuretic peptides may partially mediate these antihypertrophic effects of vitamin D. Apart from this; vitamin D exerts various effects on the growth and differentiation of cardiomyocytes. One beneficial key mechanism of vitamin D is to inhibit excessive proliferation of cardiomyocytes [15].…”

Section: Heart Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Vitamin D in Various Illnesses: A Review

Tiwari¹,

Sharma²

2017

J Pharma Care Health Sys

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Vitamin D, a fat-soluble vitamin, concentrations need to be maintained for functioning of the metabolic, immune, reproductive, muscular, skeletal, respiratory and cutaneous systems of men and women of all ages. A rough estimate indicates that about 1 billion people globally are vitamin D deficient. The physiological functions of active vitamin D (calcitriol) are related to calcium homeostasis and osteoporosis, with possible roles in diabetes, cancer, ischemic heart disease, and autoimmune and infectious diseases. Vitamin D deficit increases the risk of malignancies, particularly of colon, breast and prostate gland, of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases (e.g. insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis), as well as of metabolic disorders (metabolic syndrome, hypertension). The eight disorders discussed in this review are heart disease, bone disorder, colorectal cancer and other malignancies, infectious, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and type-I diabetes mellitus. There is a strong evidence for association between heart diseases, bone disorders, colorectal cancers, infectious, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, multiple sclerosis, diabetes mellitus type-I and vitamin D. the extent of vitamin D deficiency's contribution in the development of osteoporosis, breast cancer, rheumatoid arthritis is unclear.

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Effects of Vitamin D on Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Cited by 163 publications

References 42 publications

Vitamin D: Metabolism, Molecular Mechanism of Action, and Pleiotropic Effects

Vitamin D: Metabolism, Molecular Mechanism of Action, and Pleiotropic Effects

Plasma 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D and the Risk of Developing Hypertension

Role of Vitamin D in Various Illnesses: A Review

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