Effects of sustained control of brushtail possums on levels of<i>Mycobacterium</i>bovis infection in cattle and brushtail possum populations from Hohotaka, New Zealand

Caley, Peter; Hickling, G.J.; Cowan, P. E.; Pfeiffer, Dirk U.

doi:10.1080/00480169.1999.36130

Cited by 102 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Lethal control (culling) of wildlife reservoirs to reduce Tb incidence in cattle stocks has had mixed results to date. The utility of the approach has been demonstrated in New Zealand, where localized possum population control has been shown to cause subsequent reductions in the Tb reactor rate among adjacent cattle stocks (Caley et al 1999). However, in the UK and Ireland, the impact of experimental badger culling on concurrent disease in domestic stock is more complex, with culling both increasing and decreasing cattle Tb reactor rates, depending on the circumstances (Griffin et al 2005;Donnelly et al 2006;Carter et al 2007;McDonald et al 2008;Woodroffe et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral vaccination reduces the incidence of tuberculosis in free-living brushtail possums

et al. 2009

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Bovine tuberculosis (Tb) caused by Mycobacterium bovis has proved refractory to eradication from domestic livestock in countries with wildlife disease reservoirs. Vaccination of wild hosts offers a way of controlling Tb in livestock without wildlife culling. This study was conducted in a Tb-endemic region of New Zealand, where the introduced Australian brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is the main wildlife reservoir of Tb. Possums were trapped and vaccinated using a prototype oraldelivery system to deliver the Tb vaccine bacille Calmette -Guerin. Vaccinated and control possums were matched according to age, sex and location, re-trapped bimonthly and assessed for Tb status by palpation and lesion aspiration; the site was depopulated after 2 years and post-mortem examinations were conducted to further identify clinical Tb cases and subclinical infection. Significantly fewer culture-confirmed Tb cases were recorded in vaccinated possums (1/51) compared with control animals (12/71); the transition probability from susceptible to infected was significantly reduced in both males and females by vaccination. Vaccine efficacy was estimated at 95 per cent (87-100%) for females and 96 per cent (82-99%) for males. Hence, this trial demonstrates that orally delivered live bacterial vaccines can significantly protect wildlife against natural disease exposure, indicating that wildlife vaccination, along with existing control methods, could be used to eradicate Tb from domestic animals.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral vaccination reduces the incidence of tuberculosis in free-living brushtail possums

et al. 2009

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“…4 This area of the state is rural, with limited numbers of predominantly small-to medium-sized cattle herds and agricultural crop farming, as well as suitable natural habitat for wild white-tailed deer. A bovine tuberculosis management zone of approximately 1500 km 2 and a smaller bovine TB core area of 425 km 2 were subsequently established to help manage the disease outbreak. 4 Pathology.…”

Section: 34mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…34 This area comprises primarily deciduous forests, coniferous swamps, and rolling fields, which are all habitats frequented by white-tailed deer. 33 This area consists of approximately 1500 km 2 of both privately owned and public lands. Much of the private lands in this area have been used as hunt clubs, which restrict public hunting and allow for the private landowners to lower hunting pressure on the deer.…”

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confidence: 99%

Wildlife Reservoirs of Bovine Tuberculosis Worldwide: Hosts, Pathology, Surveillance, and Control

2012

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Bovine tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis is a zoonotic disease classically carried by cattle and spilling over into humans primarily by the ingestion of milk. However, in recent decades, there have been many endemic geographic localities where M. bovis has been detected infecting wildlife reservoirs, limiting the progress toward eradication of this disease from cattle. These include cervids in North America, badgers in Great Britain, feral pigs in Europe, brushtailed possums in New Zealand, and buffalo in South Africa. An overview of these wildlife hosts will provide insight into how these reservoirs maintain and spread the disease. In addition, the authors summarize the pathology, current ongoing methods for surveillance, and control. In many instances, it has proven to be more difficult to control or eradicate bovine tuberculosis in wild free-ranging species than in domesticated cattle. Furthermore, human influences have often contributed to the introduction and/or maintenance of the disease in wildlife species. Finally, some emerging themes regarding bovine tuberculosis establishment in wildlife hosts, as well as conclusions regarding management practices to assist in bovine tuberculosis control and eradication in wildlife, are offered.

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“…Field delivery of a BCG-based vaccine to possums has the potential to control Tb in wild vector populations, and results here suggest that a lipid matrix vaccine may be sufficiently stable and palatable to achieve that aim in New Zealand. Further research will be necessary to confirm that a vaccine-mediated reduction in Tb in wild possums corresponds to a reduction in Tb reactor rate in adjacent livestock, as has been shown previously by extensive culling of possums to reduce the disease transmission risk via vector depopulation (Caley et al, 1999).…”

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confidence: 74%

Lipid-Formulated BCG as an Oral-Bait Vaccine for Tuberculosis: Vaccine Stability, Efficacy, and Palatability to Brushtail Possums (Trichosurus Vulpecula) in New Zealand

Cross

Henderson²,

Lambeth

et al. 2009

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Bovine tuberculosis (Tb), due to infection with virulent Mycobacterium bovis, represents a threat to New Zealand agriculture due to vectorial transmission from wildlife reservoir species, principally the introduced Australian brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). An oraldelivery wildlife vaccine has been developed to immunize possums against Tb, based on formulation of the human Tb vaccine (M. bovis BCG) in edible lipid matrices. Here BCG bacilli were shown to be stable in lipid matrix formulation for over 8 mo in freezer storage, for 7 wk under room temperature conditions, and for 3-5 wk under field conditions in a forest/pasture margin habitat (when maintained in weatherproof bait-delivery sachets). Samples of the lipid matrix were flavored and offered to captive possums in a bait-preference study: a combination of 10% chocolate powder with anise oil was identified as the most effective attractant/palatability combination. In a replicated field study, 85-100% of wild possums were shown to access chocolate-flavored lipid pellets, when baits were applied to areas holding approximately 600-800 possums/km 2 . Finally, in a controlled vaccination/challenge study, chocolate-flavored lipid vaccine samples containing 10 8 BCG bacilli were fed to captive possums, which were subsequently challenged via aerosol exposure to virulent M. bovis: vaccine immunogenicity was confirmed, and protection was identified by significantly reduced postchallenge weight loss in vaccinated animals compared to nonvaccinated controls. These studies indicate that, appropriately flavored, lipid delivery matrices may form effective bait vaccines for the control of Tb in wildlife.

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Effects of sustained control of brushtail possums on levels ofMycobacteriumbovis infection in cattle and brushtail possum populations from Hohotaka, New Zealand

Cited by 102 publications

References 30 publications

Oral vaccination reduces the incidence of tuberculosis in free-living brushtail possums

Oral vaccination reduces the incidence of tuberculosis in free-living brushtail possums

Wildlife Reservoirs of Bovine Tuberculosis Worldwide: Hosts, Pathology, Surveillance, and Control

Lipid-Formulated BCG as an Oral-Bait Vaccine for Tuberculosis: Vaccine Stability, Efficacy, and Palatability to Brushtail Possums (Trichosurus Vulpecula) in New Zealand

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