“…Fluency instruction has been identified as an essential element in teaching students to read (Allington, 1983;Chard, Vaughn, & Tyler, 2002;Kuhn & Stahl, 2000;National Reading Panel, 2000;Nichols, Rupley, & Rasinski, 2009;Rasinski, 2006;Rasinski & Hoffman, 2003). However, most of the attention has been directed toward effective instructional methods for elementary school children (Hudson, Isakson, Richman, Lane, & ArriazaAllen, 2011;Kim, Samson, Fitzgerald, & Hartry, 2010;Lo, Cooke, & Starling, 2011;Musti-Rao, Hawkins, & Barkley, 2009) with some extending to high school learners (Hawkins, Hale, Sheeley, & Ling, 2011;Paige, Rasinski, & Magpuri-Lavell, 2012;Vandenberg, Boon, Fore, & Bender, 2008). Very few fluency intervention investigations, however, have been done on nontraditional adult learners (Greenberg et al, 2011).…”