Effects of rearing complexity on dendritic branching in frontolateral and temporal cortex of the rat

Greenough, William T.; Volkmar, Fred R.; Juraska, Janice M.

doi:10.1016/0014-4886(73)90278-1

Cited by 341 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Dendritic elaboration as a result of EC also occurs in other neocortical areas (e.g. Greenough et al, 1973;Kolb et al, 2003) and in the dentate gyrus and area CA3 of the hippocampus, although, interestingly, the direction of the changes in dendritic arbor here varies by sex (Juraska et al, 1985;Juraska et al, 1989). This increase in dendritic length can be detected after as few as 4 days in EC in the visual cortex (Wallace et al, 1992), and contributes to the greater thickness of the visual cortex in EC animals that was reported initially (Bennett et al, 1964).…”

Section: Neuronal Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diamond et al, 1964;Diamond et al, 1966;Volkmar and Greenough, 1972). Although not a ubiquitous phenomenon, morphological plasticity following exposure to EC has been demonstrated in several other brain regions that are involved in the processing and/or response to environmental stimuli, including the auditory cortex (Greenough et al, 1973), primary somatosensory cortex (Coq and Xerri, 1998), hippocampus and entorhinal cortex (Fiala et al, 1978;Moser et al, 1997;Rampon et al, 2000), amygdala (Nikolaev et al, 2002), basal ganglia (Comery et al, 1995;Comery et al, 1996) and cerebellar cortex . Initially, alterations in neuronal structure were the focus of investigation, however, more recently it has become clear that other components of the nervous system, such as macroglial cells and cerebrovasculature elements, also exhibit robust plasticity in response to experience.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experience-driven brain plasticity: beyond the synapse

2004

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The brain is remarkably responsive to its interactions with the environment, and its morphology is altered by experience in measurable ways. Histological examination of the brains of animals exposed to either a complex ('enriched') environment or learning paradigm, compared with appropriate controls, has illuminated the nature of experience-induced morphological plasticity in the brain. For example, this research reveals that changes in synapse number and morphology are associated with learning and are stable, in that they persist well beyond the period of exposure to the learning experience. In addition, other components of the nervous system also respond to experience: oligodendrocytes and axonal myelination might also be permanently altered, whereas changes in astrocytes and cerebrovasculature are more transient and appear to be activity-rather than learningdriven. Thus, experience induces multiple forms of plasticity in the brain that are apparently regulated, at least in part, by independent mechanisms.

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Section: Neuronal Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experience-driven brain plasticity: beyond the synapse

2004

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“…Studies demonstrating increased dividual afferent fibers in the autonomic ganglion. Each stripe dendritic proliferation with "enriched" environments overcome consists of groups of fibers arising from a very local region of the latter objection, but the primary locus of such effects has the same retina and terminating in a restricted region of the been difficult to ascertain (e.g., Greenough et al, 1973). Thus, tectum.…”

Section: Segregation Of Dissimilar Aferents Onto D@erent Dendritesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between segregated afferents and postsynaptic neurones in the optic tectum of three-eyed frogs

Katz

Constantine‐Paton

1988

J. Neurosci.

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In 3-eyed frogs, afferents from 2 eyes converge on an optic tectum that normally receives input from only 1 eye. This produces an interdigitating series of stripes, resembling the ocular dominance columns in cats and monkeys. The consequences of this induced striping on the behavior of tectal dendrites was investigated in an in vitro preparation of the tectum. Stripes were labeled by anterograde transport of a fluorescent dye (rhodamine) and postsynaptic tectal cells labeled by intracellular injections of Lucifer yellow. The same types of cells were present in both normal and striped tecta, but dendritic arbors were altered in 2 ways. In normal tecta, dendrites were most frequently biased in a rostral direction. In striped tecta, dendrites were more frequently unbiased: fewer arbors had a strong rostral bias. The second effect of stripes was on the behaviors of individual dendrites of certain cell types. Some cells, primarily those with small, highly branched arbors, had dendrites that abruptly terminated at the borders between stripes. Other cells, with larger arbors, maintained “clumps” of dendrites in both eye's stripes. While these cells had portions of their dendritic arbor in more than one stripe, each individual dendrite was restricted to a single stripe. However, the processes of many cells, especially those with extensive, medial-laterally oriented dendrites, did not respect stripe boundaries in any obvious fashion. At the border between 2 stripes, there is an abrupt discontinuity in the patterns of activity in afferent axons. The dendritic alterations seen in striped tecta suggest that correlated activity can, in some cells, modulate the spatial arrangement of dendrites, such that an individual dendrite preferentially arborizes within such areas, but not between them. These cells as a whole can accommodate uncorrelated inputs, if these are segregated onto separate dendrites. This implies that local interactions between presynaptic terminals and postsynaptic dendrites, rather than action potentials in the postsynaptic cells, may furnish important signals for the modulation of dendritic arbor shape.

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“…Experiments have shown that improvements in behavioral performances were accompanied with changes in various neurochemical and anatomical features in rat brains. These changes include, for example, thicker cortex; increased dendritic spine density, and branching in the cerebral cortex (eg Volkmar and Greenough, 1972;Diamond et al, 1964;Diamond, 1967;Greenough et al, 1973), hippocampus (Rampon et al, 2000), striatum (Comery et al, 1995), and cerebellum (Floeter and Greenough, 1979); reduced apoptosis (Young et al, 1999); increased expression of neurotrophic factors (Torasdotter et al, 1996(Torasdotter et al, , 1998Young et al, 1999;Olsson et al, 1994;Ickes et al, 2000); and enhanced neurogenesis (Kempermann et al, 1997;Nilsson et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Enrichment Reverses Behavioral Alterations in Rats Prenatally Exposed to Valproic Acid: Issues for a Therapeutic Approach in Autism

Schneider

Turczak

Przewłocki

2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

249

155

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Environmental enrichment has been repeatedly shown to affect multiple aspects of brain function, and is known to improve cognitive, behavioral, and histopathological outcome after brain injuries. The purpose of the present experiments was to determine the effect of an enriched environment on behavioral aberrations observed in male rats exposed to valproic acid on day 12.5 of gestation (VPA rats), and proposed on the basis of etiological, anatomical, and behavioral data as an animal model of autism. Environmental enrichment reversed almost all behavioral alterations observed in the model. VPA rats after environmental enrichment (VPA-E) compared to VPA rats reared in standard conditions have higher sensitivity to pain and lower sensitivity to nonpainful stimuli; stronger acoustic prepulse inhibition; lower locomotor, repetitive/stereotypic-like activity, and enhanced exploratory activity; decreased anxiety; increased number of social behaviors; and shorter latency to social explorations. In comparison with control animals (Con), VPA-E rats exhibited increased number of pinnings in adolescence and social explorations in adulthood, and were less anxious in the elevated plus maze. Similar differences in social behavior and anxiety were observed between control rats exposed to environmental enrichment (Con-E) and control group reared in standard conditions. These results suggest that postnatal environmental manipulations can counteract the behavioral alterations in VPA rats. We propose environmental enrichment as an important tool for the treatment of autism spectrum disorders.

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Effects of rearing complexity on dendritic branching in frontolateral and temporal cortex of the rat

Cited by 341 publications

References 18 publications

Experience-driven brain plasticity: beyond the synapse

Experience-driven brain plasticity: beyond the synapse

Relationships between segregated afferents and postsynaptic neurones in the optic tectum of three-eyed frogs

Environmental Enrichment Reverses Behavioral Alterations in Rats Prenatally Exposed to Valproic Acid: Issues for a Therapeutic Approach in Autism

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