Effects of Rapid Weight Loss on Kidney Function in Combat Sport Athletes

Lakičević, Nemanja; Paoli, Antonio; Roklicer, Roberto; Trivić, Tatjana; Korovljev, Darinka; Ostojić, Sergej M.; Proia, Patrizia; Bianco, Antonino; Drid, Patrik

doi:10.3390/medicina57060551

Cited by 27 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 36 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Dehydration can lead to decreased plasma volume, further resulting in increased heart rate and decreased stroke volume ( Watanabe et al, 2020 ). Moreover, dehydration causes acute kidney damage and can further lead to adverse events in other body systems ( Lakicevic et al, 2021b ). In these states, athletes are more susceptible to heat injury ( Ozkan and Ibrahim, 2016 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Weight Loss Practices in Grapplers Competing in Combat Sports

et al. 2022

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundGrappling is a wrestling style that combines different techniques such as freestyle wrestling, jiu-jitsu, judo, sambo, and others. As with other combat sports, it requires categorizing the athletes in weight classes, which leads to the use of certain methods to lose body weight in a short amount of time which poses a serious threat to athletes’ health and wellbeing. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the most widespread rapid weight loss (RWL) methods and sources of influence used by grappling athletes.MethodsA total of 145 athletes took part in the study by voluntarily filling out a questionnaire regarding their weight loss techniques and methods. They were divided into two groups, male (27.7 ± 5.2 years, 1.76 ± 0.13 m, and 82.1 ± 20 kg) and female (27.33 ± 6.3 years, 1.65 ± 0.08 m, and 64.3 ± 10.4 kg), for further statistical analysis. After calculating descriptive statistics for all the variables, a t-test was conducted for gender differences in weight loss and weight regain, and a chi-square test measured the diversity in techniques and source of influence.ResultsOut of 145 participants, 120 athletes (85.2%) reported engaging in rapid weight loss prior to weigh-in. Coaches (52.4 and 59%) and teammates (42.6 and 22.1%) seemed to be the most influential on their rapid weight-loss strategies, whereas physicians (17.1 and 17.9%) and parents (23.2 and 23.1%) were the least influential. A statistical difference between men and women (p = 0.05) was found when teammates were a source of influence (42.6 and 21.1%, respectively). Regarding the methods used, both groups practiced gradual dieting (85.4 and 79.5%) as the most prevalent, followed by increased exercise (79 and 66.6%) and sauna (78.7 and 66.6%). Moreover, men trained in plastic suits significantly more often than women (67.1 vs. 41%, p = 0.01).ConclusionRapid weight loss is detrimental to athletes’ health and wellbeing. Hence, it is crucial to find and implement methods that will control and ultimately limit its use in combat sports. Physicians and nutritionists need to be closely linked with the staff, collaborate and supervise the weight cutting.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Weight Loss Practices in Grapplers Competing in Combat Sports

et al. 2022

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Also of note is the observation of increased BUN and creatinine concentrations as these are often used as biomarkers of acute kidney injury (AKI) (Edelstein 2008;Kellum and Lameire 2013;Ostermann et al 2020). RWL of > 4% of body mass consistently results in an increase in BUN and creatinine, which has been suggested as an indication of AKI being caused by RWL (Lakicevic et al 2021). AKI has been previously defined as an increase in serum creatinine concentration by ≥ 0.3 mg/dL within 48 h (Kellum and Lameire 2013), a threshold which just two of our participants exceeded and which occurred within the 2 h bathing period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of rapid weight loss incorporating hot salt water immersion on changes in body mass, blood markers, and indices of performance in male mixed martial arts athletes

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose To investigate the effects of rapid weight loss (RWL), incorporating comparison of hot water immersion (HWI) in fresh or salt water, on changes in body mass, blood markers, and indices of performance in mixed martial arts athletes. Methods In a crossover design comparing fresh water (FWB) to salt water (SWB; 5.0%wt/vol Epsom salt) bathing, 13 males performed 20 min of HWI (~ 40.3 °C) followed by 40 min wrapped in a heated blanket, twice in sequence (2 h total). Before bathing, ~ 26 to ~ 28 h of fluid and dietary restriction was undertaken, and ~ 24 to ~ 26 h of a high carbohydrate diet and rehydration was undertaken as recovery. Results During the entire RWL process, participants lost ~ 5.3% body mass. Body mass lost during the 2 h hot bath protocol was 2.17 ± 0.81 kg (~ 2.7% body mass) and 2.24 ± 0.64 kg (~ 2.8% body mass) for FWB and SWB, respectively (P = 0.647 between trials). Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, chloride, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were increased (all P < 0.05), and plasma volume was decreased (~ 14%; P < 0.01), but did not differ between FWB and SWB, and were similar to baseline values after recovery. No indices of performance (e.g., countermovement jump, isometric strength, and functional threshold power) were impacted when RWL was followed by the recovery process. Conclusion Under the conditions of this hot bath protocol, fluid loss was not augmented by the addition of ~ 5.0%wt/vol of Epsom salt during HWI, and RWL of ~ 5.3% body mass followed by > 24 h of recovery did not impact indices of performance.

show abstract

“…While RWL duration differs individually and among combat sports, the mutual feature of most weight making attempts is to maximize weight loss in the last few days prior to the official weigh in ( 15 ). Likewise, the magnitude of weight loss also differs individually and may depend on the weight class, however weight loss of ~1–6% of pre-weigh in body mass is common in young combat athletes ( 6 , 9 ).…”

Section: Alarming Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%