Effects of P22 bacteriophage on salmonella Enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium DMC4 strain biofilm formation and eradication

Abstract

Over the last decades, several antimicrobial agents have been made available. Due to increasing antimicrobial resistance, bacteriophages were rediscovered for their potential applications against bacterial infections. In the present study, biofilm inhibition and eradication of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium DMC4 strain (S. Typhimurium) was evaluated with respect to different incubation periods at different P22 phage titrations. The efficacy of P22 phage on biofilm formation and eradication of S. Typhimurium DMC4 strain was screened in vitro on polystyrene and stainless steel surfaces. The biofilm forming capacity of S. Typhimurium was significantly reduced at higher phage titrations (106 pfu/mL ?). All phage titers (104-108 pfu/mL) were found to be effective at the end of the 24 h-incubation period whereas higher phage titrations were found to be effective at the end of the 48 h and 72 h of incubation. P22 phage has less efficacy on already formed, especially mature biofilms (72 h-old biofilm). Notable results of P22 phage treatment on S. Typhimurium biofilm suggest that P22 phage has potential uses in food systems.

Comparative Assessment of Bacteriophage and Antibiotic Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms

“…Many scientists in the last decades have focused their research on designing novel biofilm treatment strategies, as well-known antimicrobial treatment was shown to be inefficient in eradicating biofilms [1]. Tolerance of attached embedded-in-extracellularpolysaccharide-matrix bacterial cells to different disinfectants and antimicrobial agents has been widely researched.…”

Bacteriophage Cocktail Can Effectively Control Salmonella Biofilm in Poultry Housing

“…biofilm formed on plastic surfaces was more susceptible to phage treatment in comparison to biofilms formed on glass and stainless steel. In contrast, Karaca et al (2015) reported that the phage ability to reduce biofilm formation was lower on plastic than on stainless steel. This is mainly because bacterial biofilms formed on different surfaces may differ according to the finish, roughness, hydrophobic interactions, physical and chemical stability, etc., of the material, which significantly interferes with the adhesion of cells and consequently with biofilm formation.…”

Control of Listeria monocytogenes biofilm on industrial surfaces by cell ‐ free extracts of Lactobacillus plantarum

“…In all assays; an un‐inoculated BHI medium was used as a negative control and an inoculated BHI medium without CFE was used as a positive control. Inhibition of biofilm formation was calculated as % inhibition with the formula of [(C−B)‐(T−B)]/[(C−B)] × 100 (C: well including the pathogen; B: well including the medium; T: well including the L. monocytogenes; and CFE at MIC 50 value together) (Karaca et al., 2015). L. monocytogenes strain which of its biofilm formation was mostly inhibited was chosen for further studies.…”

“…Based on the OD, strains were classified as nonbiofilm producers (OD ≤ ODC), weak biofilm producers (ODC < OD ≤2 × ODC), moderate biofilm producers (2 × ODC < OD ≤4 × ODC), or strong biofilm producer (4 × ODC < OD) (Borges et al, 2012). (Karaca et al, 2015). L. monocytogenes strain which of its biofilm formation was mostly inhibited was chosen for further studies.…”