Effects of Newcastle disease virus vaccine antibodies on the shedding and transmission of challenge viruses

Abstract

Different genotypes of avian paramyxovirus serotype-1 virus (APMV-1) circulate in many parts of the world. Traditionally, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is recognized as having two major divisions represented by classes I and II, with class II being further divided into sixteen genotypes. Although all NDV are members of APMV-1 and are of one serotype, antigenic and genetic diversity is observed between the different genotypes. Reports of vaccine failure from many countries and reports by our lab on the reduced ability of classical vaccines to significantly decrease viral replication and shedding have created renewed interest in developing vaccines formulated with genotypes homologous to the virulent NDV (vNDV) circulating in the field. We assessed how the amount and specificity of humoral antibodies induced by inactivated vaccines affected viral replication, clinical protection and evaluated how non-homologous (heterologous) antibody levels induced by live NDV vaccines relate to transmission of vNDV. In an experimental setting, all inactivated NDV vaccines protected birds from morbidity and mortality, but higher and more specific levels of antibodies were required to significantly decrease viral replication. It was possible to significantly decrease viral replication and shedding with high levels of antibodies and those levels could be more easily reached with vaccines formulated with NDV of the same genotype as the challenge viruses. However, when the levels of heterologous antibodies were sufficiently high, it was possible to prevent transmission. As the level of humoral antibodies increase in vaccinated birds, the number of infected birds and the amount of vNDV shed decreased. Thus, in an experimental setting the effective levels of humoral antibodies could be increased by (1) increasing the homology of the vaccine to the challenge virus, or (2) allowing optimal time for the development of the immune response.

Distribution patterns of mucosally applied particles and characterization of the antigen presenting cells

“…Currently used vaccines against respiratory pathogens are not always protective in field situations. Possible explanations for vaccine failure include infection with heterologous viruses and inadequate storage or application of the vaccine (de Wit et al, 2010, Dortmans et al, 2012, Miller et al, 2013. For the development of novel vaccines, more information is needed on deposition and subsequent uptake by APC after mucosal application of a vaccine.…”

Newcastle Disease Virus infection study on duck and chicken in Subang district

“…While according to Hu et al (2011), the NDV still found in vaccinated chickens because of the shedding of vaccine virus which not homologous with field virus. This was evidenced by Miller et al (2013) experimentally by vaccinating chickens with LaSota vaccine, and then the chickens were challenged with heterologous virulent NDV (CA/2002) which different genotype with the vaccine virus and the result showed the challenge virus was still excreted into environment and infect unvaccinated chickens (control). According to Miller et al (2013) using homologous vaccine with field virus may decrease excretion of virus into environment more than heterologous vaccine.…”

“…This was evidenced by Miller et al (2013) experimentally by vaccinating chickens with LaSota vaccine, and then the chickens were challenged with heterologous virulent NDV (CA/2002) which different genotype with the vaccine virus and the result showed the challenge virus was still excreted into environment and infect unvaccinated chickens (control). According to Miller et al (2013) using homologous vaccine with field virus may decrease excretion of virus into environment more than heterologous vaccine. Most of ND vaccine not prevent vaccinated birds from virulent NDV infection but vaccination significantly may decrease the amount of virus excreted through saliva and feces compared to unvaccinated birds (Kapczynski & King 2005;Miller et al 2009).…”

Mycoplasma gallisepticum modifies virus shedding and immune response of Newcastle disease virus in broilers

“…ND is a devastating viral disease of avian species that results in high mortality and morbidity (Miller et al 2013). NDV infects a wide range of birds with varying susceptibilities.…”

“…These are multi-factorial problem in poultry, with viral and bacterial respiratory pathogens often concurrently present and most probably influencing one another (Marien et al 2006). Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) are two economically most important pathogens affecting respiratory system of poultry birds (Miller et al 2013, Aguero et al 2015Zia et al 2017a).…”