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Past years have witnessed the transformation of land use at a high frequency and a warmer and drier climate in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau region. To fully understand the spatial-temporal variation of ecosystem services against the changing global backdrop and to provide scientific ecosystem management measures for decision-making, a study was conducted to investigate the major ecosystem services: water yield, soil conservation and crop production from 1990 to 2015 in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau region. Three scenarios-climate change only, land use change only and both land use and climate change-were included in this study to analyze the response of ES to the above-mentioned global changes. The results show that (1) the total quantity of ES reduced in all the three scenarios, the annual ES change was scenarioII < scenarioIII < scenarioI and the periodical characteristics are present in this region; (2) the ES change in spatial distribution varied with different climate change patterns and land use transfer directions; (3) the ES composition of each ecosystem varied with different driving scenarios and different responses of the forest and wetland on climate change and land use changes were observed. Moreover, the trade-off under land use change and climate change respectively was observed in this study. Based on the results, we recommend that the local government take this trade-off and climate change into account when making decisions, continue with desertification control and improve the quality of grassland as well as forests-these efforts should enable us to achieve sustainable development of human beings and the natural ecosystem.
Past years have witnessed the transformation of land use at a high frequency and a warmer and drier climate in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau region. To fully understand the spatial-temporal variation of ecosystem services against the changing global backdrop and to provide scientific ecosystem management measures for decision-making, a study was conducted to investigate the major ecosystem services: water yield, soil conservation and crop production from 1990 to 2015 in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau region. Three scenarios-climate change only, land use change only and both land use and climate change-were included in this study to analyze the response of ES to the above-mentioned global changes. The results show that (1) the total quantity of ES reduced in all the three scenarios, the annual ES change was scenarioII < scenarioIII < scenarioI and the periodical characteristics are present in this region; (2) the ES change in spatial distribution varied with different climate change patterns and land use transfer directions; (3) the ES composition of each ecosystem varied with different driving scenarios and different responses of the forest and wetland on climate change and land use changes were observed. Moreover, the trade-off under land use change and climate change respectively was observed in this study. Based on the results, we recommend that the local government take this trade-off and climate change into account when making decisions, continue with desertification control and improve the quality of grassland as well as forests-these efforts should enable us to achieve sustainable development of human beings and the natural ecosystem.
Studying the interaction between hydrology, land use, and climate change is necessary to support sustainable water resources management. It is unknown how land management interventions in dry climate conditions can benefit water yield in the context of climate and land use change interactions. In this study, we assessed the effects of both land use and predicted climate change on the Mordagh Chay basin water yield using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs model. First, we modeled the current water yield, followed by developing six combined climate–land use scenarios until 2030 based on the CCSM4 climate model for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. We used three future land use scenarios simulated by the Dyna‐CLUE model. The trend scenario of land use change, which does not include any improvements in irrigation efficiency, significantly affected basin water yield under both climate scenarios. Water yield decreases by 19.8% and 31.8% for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. Under all land use scenarios that included improvements in irrigation efficiency, the water yield responded positively. For the RCP4.5 scenario, the water yield was projected to increase between 16.6% and 18% depending on the land use scenario. The increase in water yield under the RCP8.5 climate scenario was much lower than for the RCP4.5 scenario (about one‐third). Overall, the results showed that by adopting appropriate irrigation efficiency, it is possible to achieve a better balance between environmental needs and regional economic and agricultural development. The results provide insight into possible sustainable development options and also provide guidance for managing the other Urmia Lake sub‐basins, whereas the approach of integrated assessment of climate, land use change, and land management options is also applicable in other conditions to help inform sustainable management.
Strengthened anthropogenic activities significantly modify ecosystem services (ES), while there are differences in impacts on ES from various anthropogenic activities. In the literature a specific focus on addressing the spatial heterogeneity of comprehensively measured anthropogenic activities on ES is lacking. From an integrated perspective of the "Three Modernizations", that is: 1) agricultural modernization (AM); 2) industrialization and: 3) urbanization, this article aimed to investigate the heterogeneity of anthropogenic disturbance of ES in an agricultural and pastoral area (APA) involving a pastoral area (PA) and a semi‐agricultural and semi‐pastoral area (SASPA) of the Tibetan Plateau. We found (i) There was remarkable heterogeneity in the responses of ES to the "Three Modernizations". AM was negatively correlated with ES and caused ES decline, while industrialization and urbanization were conducive to reducing the overall pressure of anthropogenic activities and improving ES. (ii) The "Three Modernizations" disturbed ES more intensely in the SASPA than in the PA, indicating industrialization more seriously damaged ecosystems and the unreasonable interactive development mode of local agriculture and animal husbandry exacerbated the threats of the "Three Modernizations" on ES in the SASPA. (iii) The regions featuring low/high degrees of the "Three Modernizations" and showing high ES were mainly distributed in the central and north‐western PA, while the clustered areas of low/high degrees of the "Three Modernizations" with low ES were narrowly distributed in the southern and eastern SASPA. These findings indicate the complex effects of the "Three Modernizations" on ES and provide guidance for better adaptive policy‐making and planning for ecological management and sustainable pathways and patterns for future management of the "Three Modernizations".
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