Effects of first-line antiretroviral therapy on the CD4/CD8 ratio and CD8 cell counts in CoRIS: a prospective multicentre cohort study

Recreational Drug Use in People Living with HIV in Spain: Factors Associated with Drug Use and the Impact on Clinical Outcomes

“…This increase was associated with a decrease in the percentage of CD 8 and an increase in the percentage of CD 4 during the follow-up year in the PNURD group, whereas the PURD group remained stable both in the evolution of CD 4 and CD 8 . We found the previous results controlling some covariates which the literature shows could influence immune parameters such as age, time since diagnosis, adherence level, and ART changes [29,[31][32][33]. However, our results should be interpreted with caution because other potential variables might influence the results.…”

“…However, our results should be interpreted with caution because other potential variables might influence the results. Furthermore, it has been suggested that being MSM could be associated with a change in the CD 4 /CD 8 ratio because bacterial and viral agents responsible for STIs, which are more common among MSM, may increase immune activation and result in a continuous expansion of the CD 8 population [32]. The CD 4 /CD 8 ratio represents a predictor of age-related diseases and non-HIV-associated events (e.g., ischemic heart disease, stroke, and chronic kidney failure [65] and higher mortality [66].…”

“…The CD 4 /CD 8 ratio represents a predictor of age-related diseases and non-HIV-associated events (e.g., ischemic heart disease, stroke, and chronic kidney failure [65] and higher mortality [66]. Moreover, CD 4 /CD 8 ratio recently has been shown to be a more sensitive immune prognostic marker of adverse outcomes than the CD 4 cell count which frequently normalises with effective ART [32]. Thus, further longitudinal studies that analyse longer follow-up times and more potential covariates that the current research, should deepen the impact of the polyconsumption of recreational drugs on immune parameters.…”

“…Several factors could influence these cell counts, and there is no consensus in the literature about it. Such factors include the nadir CD 4 [31], time on antiretroviral therapy [31], adherence level [29,31], changes in ART [32], age [33], type of ART regimen [29], follow-up time [27], history of STIs [27], and smoking [27], among others. Thus, the impact of polyconsumption of recreational drugs on CD 4 and CD 8 counts remains unclear.…”

Absolute Counts of Peripheral Lymphocyte Subsets as Potential Immune Impairment Markers in Patients With Breast Cancer

“…Therefore, the analysis of peripheral lymphocyte subsets is the most signi cant and convenient way to assess the functions of immune including the percentages of lymphocytes (PL) and the absolute count of lymphocytes (ACL). Especially, the ratio of CD4 + /CD8 + is an indicator of the balance of the immune system, which is maintained by the proportion and the number of peripheral blood lymphocytes [10].…”