Effects of feeding untreated, pasteurized and acidified waste milk and bunk tank milk on the performance, serum metabolic profiles, immunity, and intestinal development in Holstein calves

Abstract

BackgroundThe present experiment was performed to assess the effects of different sources of milk on the growth performance, serum metabolism, immunity, and intestinal development of calves. Eighty-four Holstein male neonatal calves were assigned to one of the following four treatment groups: those that received bunk tank milk (BTM), untreated waste milk (UWM), pasteurized waste milk (PWM), and acidified waste milk (AWM) for 21 d.ResultsCalves in the BTM and AWM groups consumed more starter (P < 0.05) than those in the UWM group. Average daily gain in the UWM group was the highest (P < 0.05). Calves exhibited the highest (P < 0.05) serum total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, triglycerides, growth hormone, immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgM concentrations in the UWM group, highest malondialdehyde and tumor necrosis factor-α in the PWM group (P < 0.05), and highest glutathione peroxidase and IgG in the BTM group (P < 0.05). The jejunum and ileum of the calves in all treatments presented a slight inflammatory response. The jejunal inflammation scores were higher (P < 0.05) in the UWM and AWM groups than the BTM group; the ileal inflammation scores increased more (P < 0.05) in the AWM group than the BTM group. Jejunal immunohistochemical scores (IHS) were higher (P < 0.05) in the PWM and AWM groups than the BTM group. Compared to the other three groups, calves feeding on BTM had lower (P < 0.05) ileal IHS. Jejunal interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-8, and IL-10 mRNA expression in the UWM group was the highest (P < 0.05). Calves fed AWM increased (P < 0.05) mRNA expression of IL-8 and toll like receptor 4 (TLR-4) in the jejunum and IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 in the mesenteric lymph nodes.ConclusionsOverall, bunk tank milk is the best choice for calf raising compared to waste milk. The efficiency of feeding pasteurized and acidified waste milk are comparable, and the acidification of waste milk is an acceptable labor-saving and diarrhea-preventing feed for young calves.

Changes in biomarkers of nutrient metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress in dairy cows during the transition into the early dry period

“…8-iso-PGA 2 = 8-iso-prostaglandin A 2 . with the resolution of inflammation (Zou et al, 2017). Brscic et al (2015) reported albumin concentrations of 36.3 g/L for healthy dry cows, which is similar to the concentrations noted in this study.…”

Effects of antibiotic residues in milk on growth, ruminal fermentation, and microbial community of preweaning dairy calves

“…Many studies report consistent results that waste milk causes antibiotic resistance in gut bacteria (Wray et al, 1990;Aust et al, 2013;Maynou et al, 2017). As for weight gain, some reported that calves fed with waste milk had higher weight gain than those fed with milk replacer (Brunton et al, 2014) or bulk milk (Zou et al, 2017), whereas others did not observe any 2299 differences on weight gain due to milk type (Wray et al, 1990;Aust et al, 2013). The growth-promoting effect of waste milk is explained by higher nutrient density (Zou et al, 2017) or antibiotics (Aust et al, 2013) in waste milk.…”

“…As for weight gain, some reported that calves fed with waste milk had higher weight gain than those fed with milk replacer (Brunton et al, 2014) or bulk milk (Zou et al, 2017), whereas others did not observe any 2299 differences on weight gain due to milk type (Wray et al, 1990;Aust et al, 2013). The growth-promoting effect of waste milk is explained by higher nutrient density (Zou et al, 2017) or antibiotics (Aust et al, 2013) in waste milk. However, the nutrient density and antibiotics in waste milk vary in each study, which makes it difficult to determine which factor contributes to the differences in weight gain, therefore quantified antibiotics and milk replacer were used in our study to avoid the instability of waste milk.…”

Effect of acidified milk feeding on the intake, average daily gain and fecal microbiological diversity of Holsten dairy calves

“…Zou et al [20] reported that there was no difference in milk composition-milk fat, milk protein and nonfat solids-between pasteurized abnormal milk and acidified abnormal milk. In this study, the AM had no difference in lactose, milk fat, milk protein and total solids from PM, but the urea content was higher than that in PM.…”