Effects of Exercise on the Oral Microbiota and Saliva of Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Abstract

Exercise can be hypothesized to play an important role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) treatment by changing the oral bacterial flora and in the mechanism underlying periodontal disease. We performed salivary component analysis before and after an exercise regimen, and genome analysis of the oral bacterial flora to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Obese middle-aged men with NAFLD and periodontal disease were allocated to 12-week exercise (n = 49) or dietary restriction (n = 21) groups. We collected saliva to compare the oral microflora; performed predictive analysis of metagenomic functions; and, measured the salivary immunoglobulin A, cytokine, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and lactoferrin concentrations. The exercise group showed improvements in the clinical indices of oral environment. Salivary component analysis revealed significant reductions in LPS, and lactoferrin during the exercise regimen. Diversity analysis of oral bacterial flora revealed higher alpha- and beta-diversity after the exercise regimen. Analysis of the microbial composition revealed that the numbers of Campylobacter (+83.9%), Corynebacterium (+142.3%), Actinomyces (+75.9%), and Lautropia (+172.9%) were significantly higher, and that of Prevotella (−28.3%) was significantly lower. The findings suggest that an exercise regimen improves the oral environment of NAFLD patients by increasing the diversity of the oral microflora and reducing the number of periodontal bacteria that produce LPS and its capability.

Manipulating the Gut Microbiome as a Therapeutic Strategy to Mitigate Late Effects in Childhood Cancer Survivors

“…Moreover, these practices have the potential to improve treatment-related dysbiosis in other parts of the alimentary canal: the oral cavity, for example. 129 – 135 …”

“…Moreover, these practices have the potential to improve treatment-related dysbiosis in other parts of the alimentary canal: the oral cavity, for example. [129][130][131][132][133][134][135] There is the potential that treatment-induced microbial biosis could eventually be avoided altogether. Many emerging cancer therapeutics promise targeted mechanisms and a reduction in adverse effects, which may eventually include perturbations to gut flora.…”

Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior and Microbiome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

“…Two studies performed in healthy adults that underwent a 12-week aerobic PA intervention (3 sessions of 30 min per week) or 7-week high-intensity interval training (consisting of swimming lengths) reported an increase in microbial alpha-diversity 111,119 weeks; 3 sessions of 90 min per week), but no significant changes in alpha-diversity were detected after the intervention 96 . Most of the studies in unhealthy individuals did not report any significant changes in alpha-diversity after a PA intervention 94,95,122,124,125,102,[106][107][108]114,115,118,121 . However, the chronic effect of PA on microbiome composition becomes clearer in the beta-diversity analysis, where more studies agree on a significant dissimilarity in the microbial communities of the individuals after long-term PA 94,95,[118][119][120]123,125,98,101,102,108,111,112,114,115 that were classified as responders compared to non-responders 122 .…”

“…Most of the studies in unhealthy individuals did not report any significant changes in alpha-diversity after a PA intervention 94,95,122,124,125,102,[106][107][108]114,115,118,121 . However, the chronic effect of PA on microbiome composition becomes clearer in the beta-diversity analysis, where more studies agree on a significant dissimilarity in the microbial communities of the individuals after long-term PA 94,95,[118][119][120]123,125,98,101,102,108,111,112,114,115 that were classified as responders compared to non-responders 122 . Later studies have also reported an increase in A. muciniphila in participants with overweight/obesity or type 2 diabetes after long-term PA 101,114 .…”

“…Three studies detected significant differences in alpha-diversity 89,90,92 , while 8 studies described significant changes in the relative abundance of certain bacteria after acute PA interventions 23,86,87,[89][90][91][92][93] . Seventeen studies detected significant differences in alphaand/or beta-diversity 94,95,115,[117][118][119][120]123,125,98,101,102,104,108,111,112,114 , and 24 studies described significant changes in the relative abundance of certain bacteria after chronic PA interventions 94,95,109,[111][112][113][114][115][116][117]119,121,97,[122][123][124][125]98,99,101,10...…”