Effects of enzymatic hydrolysates from poultry by‐products (EHPB) as an alternative source of fish meal on growth performance, hepatic proteome and gut microbiota of turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus )

Abstract

Fish meal (FM) is the major protein source in diet of aquaculture animal, especially carnivorous species, like turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Turbot is a native European seawater fish and has now been introduced to the worldwide. Aquaculture production of turbot becomes increasingly important due to its high commercial value (FAO, 2014). As a typical carnivorous fish, turbot requires high amounts of dietary crude protein (about 50% of dry dietary matter), which mainly relies on FM

A new single-cell protein from Clostridium autoethanogenum as a functional protein for largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

“…After 6 h of enzymolysis, the content of oligopeptides was below 1,000 Da in the CAP hydrolysate (0.56 mg/mL), which was higher than that in the LTFM hydrolysate (0.48 mg/mL), indicating that the CAP hydrolysate contains a higher proportion of peptides with 2 to 6 amino acid residues. Peptides containing 2 to 6 amino acids are more easily absorbed than proteins and free amino acids ( Xie et al., 2008 ), and may be used as substrates for many intestinal bacteria ( Hao et al., 2020 ). However, due to the high apparent digestibility of protein in both LTFM and CAP for largemouth bass, there should be no obvious difference on the protein digestibility among the test diets.…”

Digestibility of Swine Liver and Swine Meat Protein Hydrolysates by Nile Tilapia

“…When essential amino acids are not provided by the diet's ingredients, these are supplemented with synthetic nutrients in the form of free amino acids or small peptides ( . These results can be justi ed by a higher feed e ciency due to the rapid absorption of free amino acids, and especially di-peptides and tri-peptides, in comparison to the process of absorption of amino acids from dietary proteins, which must be hydrolyzed rst (Hao et al 2020).…”

Retrospect of fish meal substitution in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) feed: Alternatives, limitations and future prospects

“…Proteomic approaches have been successfully employed in nutritional studies of aquatic animals and are commonly used to analyse the metabolism and physiological functions of commercial fish 212 . Hao's study reported that the protein levels of AMPKα increased 22‐fold in turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus ) when 16% of dietary FM was replaced with 80 g/kg enzymatic hydrolysates from poultry by‐products, and resulted in a 65.28% decrease in acetyl‐CoA carboxylase level and an increase in 2‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA lyase 1 level to 2.02‐fold compared with the control group, thereby reducing long‐chain fatty acid biosynthesis and promoting lipid catabolism 213 . In addition, liver protein profiles of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) fed a mixed plant protein diet (totally replacing dietary FM) were determined using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis, confirming that multiple metabolic pathways were affected by diet factor, including primary energy generation (transaldolase, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase), maintenance of reducing potential (cytochrome C oxidase), bile acid synthesis (hydroxymethylglutaryl‐CoA synthase and H‐fatty acid binding protein), as well as transport and cellular protein degradation (lysosome‐associated protease cathepsin D) 214 .…”