Effects of Dietary Lysine Levels on Production Performance and Milk Composition of High-Producing Sows during Lactation

Abstract

Modern genotype sows require enhanced nutrition because of their larger body size and higher reproductive performance than 20 years ago. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary Lys on the lactating of primiparous sows and the second lactating period to minimize sow body weight (BW) loss and maximize the survival rate of piglets and litter gain. A total of 160 primiparous Yorkshire sows were randomly allotted to one of four experimental lactation diets. Formulated to contain 0.84%, 0.94%, 1.04%, and 1.14% standardized ileal digestibility (SID) Lys and balanced in Met, Thr, Trp, and Val. No dietary effects were found on sow body weight (BW) and backfat thickness (BF) change and feed intake during lactation. However, the Lys intake (p = 0.04) of lactation increased linearly with increasing dietary Lys levels. In addition, 1.14% Lys for primiparous sow and 0.94% Lys for second parity sow during lactation increased the survival rate (p = 0.04), weight (p = 0.04), and ADG of piglets at d 21 (p = 0.03). The dietary Lys level did not affect colostrum compositions. However, the dry matter (p = 0.04) and protein (p = 0.03) in milk increased linearly with the increase in dietary Lys levels, whereas moisture decreased linearly (p = 0.05). The level of plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) also increased at d 21 of weaning (p = 0.04). These results indicate that high-yielding lactating sows required 1.14% SID Lys during parity 1, and 0.94% SID Lys during parity 2 to maximize the survival rate of piglets and litter gain, respectively. Moreover, the effects of dietary amino acid (AA) on the production performance of weaning pigs could be mediated through milk composition change.

Importance of Selected Nutrients and Additives in the Feed of Pregnant Sows for the Survival of Newborn Piglets

“…According to Hojgaard et al [72], estimates of the dietary requirements of digestible standardized ileal Lys for lactating sows vary widely, from 27 to 70 g/d, or from 4.9 to 10.5 g/kg, because factors like genetics, age, litter size, appetite, and feed ingredients can all affect the dietary requirement for Lys [71,72]. Liu et al [73] affirmed that primiparous sows eat 10-15% less than multiparous ones, so the percentage of SID Lys consumed during lactation must be increased in the former compared to the latter. Administering adequate supplies of Lys during lactation allows those sows to maximize milk production and their reproductive yield [73].…”

“…Liu et al [73] affirmed that primiparous sows eat 10-15% less than multiparous ones, so the percentage of SID Lys consumed during lactation must be increased in the former compared to the latter. Administering adequate supplies of Lys during lactation allows those sows to maximize milk production and their reproductive yield [73]. It is also important to emphasize that a low ingestion of lysine during lactation can have a negative effect on the sow's metabolic balance, secretion of reproductive hormones, and the interval between weaning and estrus while, in contrast, a high Lys consumption can improve metabolic states in sows and increase total litter weight at birth and the weight of piglets at weaning [74].…”

“…33 Yorkshire × Landrace multiparous sows (parities 2 and 3) From day 90 Using programs that include daily requirements of energy and Lys in sows during gestation helped reduce the use of feed during lactation without affecting their reproductive performance. [77] For example, the work by Liu et al [73] that evaluated the effect of dietary supplementation with 0.84, 0.94, 1.04, and 1.14% of standardized ileal digestibility (SID) Lys, balanced with Met, Thr, Trp, and Val in primiparous Yorkshire sows demonstrated that lactation increased lineally with higher levels of Lys in the diet (p = 0.04). These authors further showed that survival rates improve when primiparous sows are fed diets that contain 1.14% of Lys during lactation (p = 0.04), accompanied by higher weight (p = 0.04) and greater weight gain in piglets at day 21 (p = 0.03) [73].…”

Effect of Yeast Culture on Reproductive Performance, Gut Microbiota, and Milk Composition in Primiparous Sows

“…The increasing demand for pig production requires modern sows to have a higher reproductive performance and nutritional status [ 1 ]. However, the widespread use of lean-type pig breeds has led to a negative nutritional balance in sows before and after production, affecting their health status.…”

“…Compared to multiparous sows, primiparous sows have a lower feed intake during gestation and lactation, and need to mobilize more body reserves to feed piglets [ 2 ]. The nutritional intake of primiparous sows during lactation cannot meet the needs of lactation, growth, and development, which will lead to the body being in a catabolic state, and affect the reproductive life, and the growth performance of piglets [ 1 , 3 ]. Previous studies have shown that the loss of body reserves during lactation in primiparous sows affects reproductive performance and piglet production performance [ 4 , 5 ].…”