Effects of Dietary Fiber and Its Components on Metabolic Health

Abstract

Dietary fiber and whole grains contain a unique blend of bioactive components including resistant starches, vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals and antioxidants. As a result, research regarding their potential health benefits has received considerable attention in the last several decades. Epidemiological and clinical studies demonstrate that intake of dietary fiber and whole grain is inversely related to obesity, type two diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Defining dietary fiber is a divergent process and is dependent on both nutrition and analytical concepts. The most common and accepted definition is based on nutritional physiology. Generally speaking, dietary fiber is the edible parts of plants, or similar carbohydrates, that are resistant to digestion and absorption in the small intestine. Dietary fiber can be separated into many different fractions. Recent research has begun to isolate these components and determine if increasing their levels in a diet is beneficial to human health. These fractions include arabinoxylan, inulin, pectin, bran, cellulose, β-glucan and resistant starch. The study of these components may give us a better understanding of how and why dietary fiber may decrease the risk for certain diseases. The mechanisms behind the reported effects of dietary fiber on metabolic health are not well established. It is speculated to be a result of changes in intestinal viscosity, nutrient absorption, rate of passage, production of short chain fatty acids and production of gut hormones. Given the inconsistencies reported between studies this review will examine the most up to date data concerning dietary fiber and its effects on metabolic health.

Enzymatically Modified Starch Ameliorates Postprandial Serum Triglycerides and Lipid Metabolome in Growing Pigs

“…In contrast to previous studies [28], however, fasting triglycerides and cholesterol were not improved by the EMS diet compared to the control diet. The main underlying mechanism of RS to reduce blood cholesterol was thought to be increased intestinal viscosity and bile acid excretion due to RS intake [8,27,28].…”

“…Similar to previous findings for RS2 in long-term studies [ 6 , 8 , 27 ], the EMS diet had a lowering effect on postprandial serum triglycerides and as a tendency also on cholesterol compared to the control diet. In contrast to previous studies [ 28 ], however, fasting triglycerides and cholesterol were not improved by the EMS diet compared to the control diet. The main underlying mechanism of RS to reduce blood cholesterol was thought to be increased intestinal viscosity and bile acid excretion due to RS intake [ 8 , 27 , 28 ].…”

“…In contrast to previous studies [ 28 ], however, fasting triglycerides and cholesterol were not improved by the EMS diet compared to the control diet. The main underlying mechanism of RS to reduce blood cholesterol was thought to be increased intestinal viscosity and bile acid excretion due to RS intake [ 8 , 27 , 28 ]. Moreover, enhanced intestinal fermentation of RS and subsequent increased intestinal SCFA absorption and systemic metabolism has been also reported to contribute to fasting and postprandial blood triglycerides and cholesterol [ 25 ].…”

Enzymatically Modified Starch Ameliorates Postprandial Serum Triglycerides and Lipid Metabolome in Growing Pigs

“…In contrast to previous studies [28], however, fasting triglycerides and cholesterol were not improved by the EMS diet compared to the control diet. The main underlying mechanism of RS to reduce blood cholesterol was thought to be increased intestinal viscosity and bile acid excretion due to RS intake [8,27,28].…”

“…Similar to previous findings for RS2 in long-term studies [ 6 , 8 , 27 ], the EMS diet had a lowering effect on postprandial serum triglycerides and as a tendency also on cholesterol compared to the control diet. In contrast to previous studies [ 28 ], however, fasting triglycerides and cholesterol were not improved by the EMS diet compared to the control diet. The main underlying mechanism of RS to reduce blood cholesterol was thought to be increased intestinal viscosity and bile acid excretion due to RS intake [ 8 , 27 , 28 ].…”

“…In contrast to previous studies [ 28 ], however, fasting triglycerides and cholesterol were not improved by the EMS diet compared to the control diet. The main underlying mechanism of RS to reduce blood cholesterol was thought to be increased intestinal viscosity and bile acid excretion due to RS intake [ 8 , 27 , 28 ]. Moreover, enhanced intestinal fermentation of RS and subsequent increased intestinal SCFA absorption and systemic metabolism has been also reported to contribute to fasting and postprandial blood triglycerides and cholesterol [ 25 ].…”

Effects of high‐fiber rice Dodamssal ( Oryza sativa L.) on glucose and lipid metabolism in mice fed a high‐fat diet

“…These results reveal that DO ameliorates HFD‐induced dyslipidemia in mice. DO feeding significantly reduced plasma and LDL cholesterol, FFAs, and triglyceride concentrations in C57BL/6J which is in line with the statement that Dietary fiber can regulate glucose and lipid metabolism (Lattimer & Haub, 2010; Zawistowski, Kopec, & Kitts, 2009). Therefore, increasing the intake of dietary fibers could prevent and improve obesity and T2DM.…”

In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics for Different Ratios of Soluble to Insoluble Dietary Fiber by Fresh Fecal Microbiota from Growing Pigs

“…21 Firmicutes is thought to be beneficial bacteria to metabolize plant polysaccharides to SCFAs. 30 In the present study, the relative abundance of Firmicutes was the most predominant in all groups, which was consistent with the previous study. 6 Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were also the dominant flora in our study, which play a major role in organic matter degradation and C cycling.…”

Enzymatically Modified Starch Ameliorates Postprandial Serum Triglycerides and Lipid Metabolome in Growing Pigs

“…In contrast to previous studies [28], however, fasting triglycerides and cholesterol were not improved by the EMS diet compared to the control diet. The main underlying mechanism of RS to reduce blood cholesterol was thought to be increased intestinal viscosity and bile acid excretion due to RS intake [8,27,28].…”

“…Similar to previous findings for RS2 in long-term studies [ 6 , 8 , 27 ], the EMS diet had a lowering effect on postprandial serum triglycerides and as a tendency also on cholesterol compared to the control diet. In contrast to previous studies [ 28 ], however, fasting triglycerides and cholesterol were not improved by the EMS diet compared to the control diet. The main underlying mechanism of RS to reduce blood cholesterol was thought to be increased intestinal viscosity and bile acid excretion due to RS intake [ 8 , 27 , 28 ].…”

“…In contrast to previous studies [ 28 ], however, fasting triglycerides and cholesterol were not improved by the EMS diet compared to the control diet. The main underlying mechanism of RS to reduce blood cholesterol was thought to be increased intestinal viscosity and bile acid excretion due to RS intake [ 8 , 27 , 28 ]. Moreover, enhanced intestinal fermentation of RS and subsequent increased intestinal SCFA absorption and systemic metabolism has been also reported to contribute to fasting and postprandial blood triglycerides and cholesterol [ 25 ].…”

Effects of high‐fiber rice Dodamssal ( Oryza sativa L.) on glucose and lipid metabolism in mice fed a high‐fat diet

“…These results reveal that DO ameliorates HFD‐induced dyslipidemia in mice. DO feeding significantly reduced plasma and LDL cholesterol, FFAs, and triglyceride concentrations in C57BL/6J which is in line with the statement that Dietary fiber can regulate glucose and lipid metabolism (Lattimer & Haub, 2010; Zawistowski, Kopec, & Kitts, 2009). Therefore, increasing the intake of dietary fibers could prevent and improve obesity and T2DM.…”

In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics for Different Ratios of Soluble to Insoluble Dietary Fiber by Fresh Fecal Microbiota from Growing Pigs

“…21 Firmicutes is thought to be beneficial bacteria to metabolize plant polysaccharides to SCFAs. 30 In the present study, the relative abundance of Firmicutes was the most predominant in all groups, which was consistent with the previous study. 6 Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were also the dominant flora in our study, which play a major role in organic matter degradation and C cycling.…”

Enzymatically Modified Starch Ameliorates Postprandial Serum Triglycerides and Lipid Metabolome in Growing Pigs

“…In contrast to previous studies [28], however, fasting triglycerides and cholesterol were not improved by the EMS diet compared to the control diet. The main underlying mechanism of RS to reduce blood cholesterol was thought to be increased intestinal viscosity and bile acid excretion due to RS intake [8,27,28].…”

“…Similar to previous findings for RS2 in long-term studies [ 6 , 8 , 27 ], the EMS diet had a lowering effect on postprandial serum triglycerides and as a tendency also on cholesterol compared to the control diet. In contrast to previous studies [ 28 ], however, fasting triglycerides and cholesterol were not improved by the EMS diet compared to the control diet. The main underlying mechanism of RS to reduce blood cholesterol was thought to be increased intestinal viscosity and bile acid excretion due to RS intake [ 8 , 27 , 28 ].…”

“…In contrast to previous studies [ 28 ], however, fasting triglycerides and cholesterol were not improved by the EMS diet compared to the control diet. The main underlying mechanism of RS to reduce blood cholesterol was thought to be increased intestinal viscosity and bile acid excretion due to RS intake [ 8 , 27 , 28 ]. Moreover, enhanced intestinal fermentation of RS and subsequent increased intestinal SCFA absorption and systemic metabolism has been also reported to contribute to fasting and postprandial blood triglycerides and cholesterol [ 25 ].…”

Effects of high‐fiber rice Dodamssal ( Oryza sativa L.) on glucose and lipid metabolism in mice fed a high‐fat diet

“…These results reveal that DO ameliorates HFD‐induced dyslipidemia in mice. DO feeding significantly reduced plasma and LDL cholesterol, FFAs, and triglyceride concentrations in C57BL/6J which is in line with the statement that Dietary fiber can regulate glucose and lipid metabolism (Lattimer & Haub, 2010; Zawistowski, Kopec, & Kitts, 2009). Therefore, increasing the intake of dietary fibers could prevent and improve obesity and T2DM.…”

In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics for Different Ratios of Soluble to Insoluble Dietary Fiber by Fresh Fecal Microbiota from Growing Pigs

“…21 Firmicutes is thought to be beneficial bacteria to metabolize plant polysaccharides to SCFAs. 30 In the present study, the relative abundance of Firmicutes was the most predominant in all groups, which was consistent with the previous study. 6 Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were also the dominant flora in our study, which play a major role in organic matter degradation and C cycling.…”