Effects of Degumming and Bleaching on 3‐MCPD Esters Formation During Physical Refining

Abstract

Crude palm oil (CPO) was physically refined in a 200-kg batch pilot refining plant. A study of the possible role of degumming and bleaching steps in the refining process for a possible critical role in the formation of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters was evaluated. For the degumming step, different percentages of phosphoric acid (0.02-0.1%) as well as water degumming (2.0%) were carried out. Six different types of bleaching clays, mainly natural and acid activated clays were used for bleaching process at a fixed dose of 1.0%. Deodorization of the bleached oils was performed at 260°C for 90 min. Analyses showed that 3-MCPD esters were not detected in the CPO. Phosphoric acid degumming (0.1%) in combination with acid activated clays produced the highest levels (3.89 ppm) of 3-MCPD esters in the refined (RBD) oil. The esters were at the lowest levels (0.25 ppm) when the oil was water degummed and bleached with natural bleaching clays. However, the refined oil qualities were slightly compromised. Good correlation of 0.9759 and 0.9351 was obtained when concentration of the esters was plotted against acidity of the bleaching earths for the respective acid and water degumming processes. The findings revealed the contribution of acidic conditions on the higher formation of 3-MCPD esters. In order to lower the esters formation, it is important to reduce acid dosage based on the crude oil qualities or to find alternatives to acid degumming process. Neutralization of the acidity prior to deodorization was effective in reducing the formation of 3-MCPD esters.

The effects of physical refining on the formation of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters in relation to palm oil minor components

“…The pH values of the bleaching adsorbents were tested at 6.0, 9.0, 9.5 and 9.4 for activated clay, natural clay, activated carbon and magnesium silicate, respectively. However, the effect of pH on 3-MCPD ester reduction, as reported previously (Ramli et al, 2011), was only significant for magnesium silicate. Bleaching with natural clay slightly increased 3-MCPD ester formation compared to activated clay, which possessed a much lower pH.…”

“…The degumming process, using acid, could activate the formation of 3-MCPD ester precursors (Schurz, 2010). On the other hand, bleaching with acidactivated bleaching earth could generate the protonation of organic compounds, such as acylglycerols, into 3-MCPD ester precursors, imparting a strong correlation between bleaching earth acidity and 3-MCPD ester formation during palm oil refining (Ramli et al, 2011). However, a high dosage of activated clay can adsorb some of the 3-MCPD ester precursors from the oil (Schurz, 2010).…”

Mitigation Strategies for the Reduction of 2‐ and 3‐MCPD Esters and Glycidyl Esters in the Vegetable Oil Processing Industry

“…Ramli et al. () noted a marked reduction in 3‐MCPD concentration between degumming with (plain) water compared with 0.02% phosphoric acid solution. When 0.02% phosphoric acid was used, 2.1 mg/kg 3‐MCPD‐E was found in the oil, while using water with no added acids reduced the 3‐MCPD‐E concentration to 0.75 mg/kg (64% reduction) (Ramli et al., ).…”

Chloropropanols, Chloropropandiols and Their Esters in Food – Formation, Occurrence, Determination, Reduction of Content

“…Ramli i wsp. [61] badali odśluzowy-wanie kwasowe (0,02 ÷ 0,1 % H 3 PO 4 ) i wodne (2 % H 2 O) oraz bielenie różnymi ziemiami bielącymi (1 %) surowego oleju palmowego (CPO). Olej CPO po odśluzowaniu i bieleniu poddawano odwanianiu w temp.…”