Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Cerebral White Matter in Competitive Sportsmen

Wilkinson, Iain D.; Mitchel, Nigel; Breivik, Simon; Greenwood, Pamela M.; Griffiths, Paul D.; Winter, Edward; Beek, Edwin Jacques Rudolph van

doi:10.1097/01.jsm.0000176372.67398.c8

Cited by 20 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Oral creatine intake is known to increase brain’s creatine concentration (Dechent et al, 1999). However, accumulation in tissues does not depend only on daily dosing and supplementation duration (Pan and Takahashi, 2007a; Wilkinson et al, 2006). According to the literature, one of the greatest determinants of creatine accumulation in brain after supplementation of creatine is basal creatine level (Pan and Takahashi, 2007b) and the potential for increase in brain’s creatine levels after supplementation is inversely related to its baseline brain levels (Pan and Takahashi, 2007b; Rawson et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive function of healthy individuals: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Avgerinos

Spyrou

Βουγιούκας

et al. 2018

Experimental Gerontology

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Oral creatine administration may improve short-term memory and intelligence/reasoning of healthy individuals but its effect on other cognitive domains remains unclear. Findings suggest potential benefit for aging and stressed individuals. Since creatine is safe, future studies should include larger sample sizes. It is imperative that creatine should be tested on patients with dementias or cognitive impairment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive function of healthy individuals: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Avgerinos

Spyrou

Βουγιούκας

et al. 2018

Experimental Gerontology

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“…Creatine administration studies in healthy humans, rats and mice have shown no change (Horn et al 1998; Wilkinson et al 2006) or a limited elevation of Cr in the brain (Dechent et al 1999; Ipsiroglu et al 2001; Lyoo et al 2003; Hersch et al 2006) with respect to basal concentrations. Our results show saturation of the cerebral Cr accumulation, which levels off at the normal concentrations of WT control animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disturbed energy metabolism and muscular dystrophy caused by pure creatine deficiency are reversible by creatine intake

Nabuurs

Choe

Veltien

et al. 2013

The Journal of Physiology

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Key points• Creatine (Cr) plays an important role in muscle energy homeostasis as a substrate in the creatine kinase phosphoryl exchange reaction, but the consequences of creatine depletion are incompletely understood.• We assessed the morphological, metabolic and functional consequences of systemic creatine depletion on skeletal muscle in a mouse model with deficiency of an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of creatine (AGAT −/− mice).• We show that Cr depletion leads to several metabolic abnormalities in muscle, including reduced ATP, increased inorganic phosphate levels and reduced activities of proton-pumping respiratory chain enzymes and an elevated glycolytic contribution in ischaemic circumstances.• The Cr-depleted muscle suffers from reduced grip strength, severe atrophy and abnormal mitochondrial structures, increased overall mitochondrial content and an increased number of lipid droplets.• Oral Cr administration led to rapid accumulation in skeletal muscle (faster than in brain) and reversed all the muscle abnormalities, revealing that the condition of the AGAT −/− mice can be switched between Cr deficient and normal simply by dietary manipulation.Abstract Creatine (Cr) plays an important role in muscle energy homeostasis by its participation in the ATP-phosphocreatine phosphoryl exchange reaction mediated by creatine kinase. Given that the consequences of Cr depletion are incompletely understood, we assessed the morphological, metabolic and functional consequences of systemic depletion on skeletal muscle in a mouse model with deficiency of L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT −/− ), which catalyses the first step of Cr biosynthesis. In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed a near-complete absence of Cr and phosphocreatine in resting hindlimb muscle of AGAT −/− mice. Compared with wild-type, the inorganic phosphate/β-ATP ratio was increased fourfold, while ATP levels were reduced by nearly half. Activities of proton-pumping respiratory chain C. I. Nabuurs and C. U. Choe contributed equally to this work. enzymes were reduced, whereas F 1 F 0 -ATPase activity and overall mitochondrial content were increased. The Cr-deficient AGAT −/− mice had a reduced grip strength and suffered from severe muscle atrophy. Electron microscopy revealed increased amounts of intramyocellular lipid droplets and crystal formation within mitochondria of AGAT −/− muscle fibres. Ischaemia resulted in exacerbation of the decrease of pH and increased glycolytic ATP synthesis. Oral Cr administration led to rapid accumulation in skeletal muscle (faster than in brain) and reversed all the muscle abnormalities, revealing that the condition of the AGAT −/− mice can be switched between Cr deficient and normal simply by dietary manipulation. Systemic creatine depletion results in mitochondrial dysfunction and intracellular energy deficiency, as well as structural and physiological abnormalities. The consequences of AGAT deficiency are more pronounced than those of muscle-specific creatine kinase deficiency, which suggests...

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“…As discussed, brain creatine content may rely less on exogenous creatine than muscle [20,21,24,28], which could theoretically involve a down-regulated response in brain creatine synthesis upon supplementation. Alternative to this hypothesis is the demonstration that the brain lacks the expression of creatine transporter in the astrocytes involved in the blood-brain barrier, thus implying a limited permeability of the brain to the circulating creatine [29], which is in line with the lack of increase in brain creatine following supplementation reported by some studies [24,28,30]. It is also plausible to speculate that if the brain is, in fact, resistant to exogenous creatine, a highdose, long duration protocol would be needed, such as those used in the study by Dechent et al [27] (i.e., 20 g/day for 4 weeks).…”

Section: The Effects Of Creatine Supplementation On Brain Creatine Lementioning

confidence: 94%

Creatine Supplementation and Brain Health

et al. 2021

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There is a robust and compelling body of evidence supporting the ergogenic and therapeutic role of creatine supplementation in muscle. Beyond these well-described effects and mechanisms, there is literature to suggest that creatine may also be beneficial to brain health (e.g., cognitive processing, brain function, and recovery from trauma). This is a growing field of research, and the purpose of this short review is to provide an update on the effects of creatine supplementation on brain health in humans. There is a potential for creatine supplementation to improve cognitive processing, especially in conditions characterized by brain creatine deficits, which could be induced by acute stressors (e.g., exercise, sleep deprivation) or chronic, pathologic conditions (e.g., creatine synthesis enzyme deficiencies, mild traumatic brain injury, aging, Alzheimer’s disease, depression). Despite this, the optimal creatine protocol able to increase brain creatine levels is still to be determined. Similarly, supplementation studies concomitantly assessing brain creatine and cognitive function are needed. Collectively, data available are promising and future research in the area is warranted.

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Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Cerebral White Matter in Competitive Sportsmen

Abstract: The results suggest that, for the given dosage regimen, ingested creatine augmentation does not alter the magnetic resonance visible creatine pool in the deep frontal cerebral white matter of young active sportsmen.

Cited by 20 publications

References 20 publications

Effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive function of healthy individuals: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive function of healthy individuals: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Disturbed energy metabolism and muscular dystrophy caused by pure creatine deficiency are reversible by creatine intake

Creatine Supplementation and Brain Health

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