Effects of clock resolution on the scheduling of interactive and soft real-time processes

Abstract

It is commonly agreed that scheduling mechanisms in general purpose operating systems do not provide adequate support for modern interactive applications, notably multimedia applications. The common solution to this problem is to devise specialized scheduling mechanisms that take the specific needs of such applications into account. A much simpler alternative is to better tune existing systems. In particular, we show that conventional scheduling algorithms typically only have little and possibly misleading information regarding the CPU usage of processes, because increasing CPU rates have caused the common 100 Hz clock interrupt rate to be coarser than most application time quanta. We therefore conduct an experimental analysis of what happens if this rate is significantly increased. Results indicate that much higher clock interrupt rates are possible with acceptable overheads, and lead to much better information. In addition we show that increasing the clock rate can provide a measure of support for soft real-time requirements, even when using a general-purpose operating system. For example, we achieve a sub-millisecond latency under heavily loaded conditions.

Fine grained kernel logging with KLogger

“…The results (originally presented in [11]) are shown in Figure 11. When running the kernel in PIT mode, the timer interrupt handler does not access the 8253 PIT.…”

Low-complexity offline and online clock skew estimation and removal

“…The system clock is updated from the hardware clock using a hardware counter that generates processor interrupts at intervals in the order of a few milliseconds [7]. Etsion et al [8] state that the system clock resolution of all common computers is of 10 ms. It is also possible to interpolate between ticks using calibrated tight loops to improve the clock resolution.…”