Effects of chronic stress on food intake in rats: Influence of stressor intensity and duration of daily exposure

Martı́, Octavi; Martí, Joaquín; Armario, Antonio

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(94)90055-8

Cited by 261 publications

(182 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Although our model of juvenile stress was able to reduce body weight gain, which is characteristic of stressors of intermediate to high intensity (Armario et al, 1990;Martí et al, 1994), this effect vanished at adulthood. Our model of juvenile stress by itself decreased adult exploration of novel environments, consistent with previous data using other stress models (i.e.…”

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 62%

Behavioral and neuroendocrine consequences of juvenile stress combined with adult immobilization in male rats

Fuentes

Carrasco

Armario

et al. 2014

Hormones and Behavior

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Exposure to stress during childhood and adolescence increases vulnerability to developing several psychopathologies in adulthood and alters the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis, the prototypical stress system. Rodent models of juvenile stress appear to support this hypothesis because juvenile stress can result in reduced activity/exploration and enhanced anxiety, although results are not always consistent. Moreover, an in-depth characterization of changes in the HPA axis is lacking. In the present study, the long-lasting effects of juvenile stress on adult behavior and HPA function were evaluated in male rats. The juvenile stress consisted of a combination of stressors (cat odor, forced swim and footshock) during postnatal days 23-28. Juvenile stress reduced the maximum amplitude of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels (reduced peak at lights off), without affecting the circadian corticosterone rhythm, but other aspects of the HPA function (negative glucocorticoid feedback, responsiveness to further stressors and brain gene expression of corticotrophin-releasing hormone and corticosteroid receptors) remained unaltered. The behavioral effects of juvenile stress itself at adulthood were modest (decreased activity in the circular corridor) with no evidence of enhanced anxiety. Imposition of an acute severe stressor (immobilization on boards, IMO) did not increase anxiety in control animals, as evaluated one week later in the elevated-plus maze (EPM), but it potentiated the acoustic startle response (ASR). However, acute IMO did enhance anxiety in the EPM, in juvenile stressed rats, thereby suggesting that juvenile stress sensitizes rats to the effects of additional stressors.

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Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 62%

Behavioral and neuroendocrine consequences of juvenile stress combined with adult immobilization in male rats

Fuentes

Carrasco

Armario

et al. 2014

Hormones and Behavior

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“…Since this is a time at which rats would normally receive their next morphine injection, the resulting absence of the anticipated subjective response to morphine itself likely presented a novel stressor and may have contributed to the facilitated pituitary-adrenal responses to tail nick 7 restraint. Nonetheless, adrenal hypertrophy, thymus involution, and facilitated ACTH responses to acute, novel stimuli are hallmarks of rats exposed to chronic stressors (Blanchard et al, 1998;Dallman et al, 1992;Marti et al, 1994;Scribner et al, 1993) and provide further evidence that intermittent morphine treatment induces a 'stress-like' state. The facilitated ACTH response to restraint in morphinetreated rats was probably due to increased central drive to ACTH secretion since 12 h after the last injection CRF expression in PVN was increased under both basal and stress conditions despite normal basal ACTH and corticosterone concentrations.…”

Section: Hpa Activitymentioning

confidence: 67%

Intermittent Morphine Administration Induces Dependence and is a Chronic Stressor in Rats

Houshyar

Gómez

Manalo

et al. 2003

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Although constant treatment with morphine (implanted pellets) does not activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, intermittent injections of morphine may constitute a chronic stressor in rats. To test this hypothesis, we compared the effects of morphine in escalating doses (10-40 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline injected twice daily for 4 days on energy balance, hormones, HPA responses to novel restraint and central corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA 12 h and 8 days after the last morphine injection in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Weight gain stopped at the onset of morphine, weight loss was marked 36 h postmorphine; thereafter, body weight gain paralleled saline controls. At 12 h, insulin, leptin, and testosterone concentrations were reduced but normalized by 8 days. Restraint and tail nicks caused facilitated ACTH responses at 12 h, under-responsiveness at 8 days. CRF mRNA, measured only at 12 h, was increased in the paraventricular (PVN) and Barrington's nuclei (BAR), decreased in the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BNST) and unchanged in the amygdala (CeA) in morphine-treated rats. After stress, CRF mRNA increased in PVN in both groups, increased in BAR and decreased in BNST in saline but not morphine groups, and was unchanged in CeA in both groups. Results from all variables characterize intermittent morphine injections as a chronic stressor. In contrast to constant treatment, injected morphine probably allows some withdrawal during each 12 h interval, causing repeated stress. Drug addicts treat themselves intermittently, and stress causes relapse after withdrawal. Thus, intermittent morphine, itself, may promote relapse.

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“…In females, feeding and drinking differed significantly between the breeds over time, where RJF showed an immediate behaviour change followed by a fairly rapid return to baseline, while the effects were more subtle in WL. In rodents, decreased feeding can be caused by both repeated [35] and acute stress [38], and time to retain normal feeding has been found to vary dependent on type and intensity of the stressor [33,38,48]. Foraging behaviour in the WL did not revert to baseline during the entire hour after stress, while in RJF it did so faster, and even increased over baseline after 10-15 minutes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…This allowed us, for the first time, to assess effects of domestication on behavioural and endocrine stress responses in chickens. In particular, we focused on the recovery process and the return to normal levels of both behaviour and concentrations of the steroids, using a similar approach as in earlier research on stress recovery [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Domestication effects on behavioural and hormonal responses to acute stress in chickens

Ericsson

Fallahsharoudi

Bergquist

et al. 2014

Physiology & Behavior

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Comparative studies have shown that alterations in physiology, morphology and behaviour have arisen due to the domestication. A driving factor behind many of the changes could be a shift in stress responses, with modified endocrine and behavioural profiles. In the present study we compared two breeds of chicken (Gallus gallus), the domestic White Leghorn (WL) egg laying breed and its ancestor, the Red Junglefowl (RJF). Birds were exposed to an acute stress event, invoked by three or ten minutes of physical restraint. They were then continuously monitored for the effects on a wide range of behaviours during a 60 min recovery phase. Blood samples were collected from the chicken at baseline, and after 10 and 60 min following a similar restraint stress, and the samples were analyzed for nine endogenous steroids of the HPA and HPG axis. Concentration of the steroids was determined using validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods. In RJF, an immediate behavioural response was observed after release from restraint in several behaviours, with a relatively fast return to baseline within one hour. In WL, some behaviours were affected for a longer period of time, and others not at all. Concentrations of corticosterone increased more in RJF, but returned faster to baseline compared to WL. A range of baseline levels for HPG-related steroids differed between the breeds, and they were generally more affected by the stress in WL than in RJF. In conclusion, RJF reacted stronger both behaviourally and physiologically to the restraint stress, but also recovered faster. This would appear to be adaptive under natural conditions, whereas the stress recovery of domesticated birds has been altered by domestication and breeding for increased reproductive output.

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Effects of chronic stress on food intake in rats: Influence of stressor intensity and duration of daily exposure

Cited by 261 publications

References 35 publications

Behavioral and neuroendocrine consequences of juvenile stress combined with adult immobilization in male rats

Behavioral and neuroendocrine consequences of juvenile stress combined with adult immobilization in male rats

Intermittent Morphine Administration Induces Dependence and is a Chronic Stressor in Rats

Domestication effects on behavioural and hormonal responses to acute stress in chickens

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