Effects of Cannabis and Alcohol on Automobile Driving and Psychomotor Tracking

Hansteen, R. W.; Miller, Ryan D.; Lonero, Larry; Reid, Lloyd D.; Jones, Barbara W.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb49902.x

Cited by 53 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…impairing properties by driving more carefully (Hansteen et al, 1976;Casswell, 1979;Peck et al, 1986, Robbe, 1994. However, subjects were no longer aware of the impairing properties of THC in the presence of alcohol.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual search and urban city driving under the influence of marijuana and alcohol

Lamers¹,

Ramaekers²

2000

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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The purpose of this study was to empirically determine the separate and combined effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and alcohol on visual search and actual city driving performance. On separate evenings, sixteen subjects were given weight-calibrated doses of THC and alcohol, or placebos for one of both substances as follows: alcohol placebo + THC placebo, alcohol + THC placebo, THC 100 g/kg + alcohol placebo, THC 100 g/kg + alcohol. Alcohol doses administered were sufficient for achieving blood alcohol concentrations of about 0.05 g/dl.The City Driving Test commenced 15 min after smoking and lasted 45 minutes. The test was conducted over a fixed route within the city limits of Maastricht. An eye movement recording system was mounted on the subjects' head for providing relative frequency measures of appropriate visual search at intersections. General driving quality was rated by a licensed driving instructor. After placebo treatments subject looked at side streets from the right in 84% of all cases. Visual search frequency of these subjects did not change when treated with alcohol or marijuana alone. However when treated with the combination of alcohol and marijuana the frequency of visual search dropped by 3%. Performance as rated on the Driving Proficiency Scale did not differ between treatments. It was concluded that the effects of low doses of THC (100 g/kg) and alcohol (BAC<0.05 g/dl) on visual search and general driving proficiency are minimal when taken alone, but potentially dangerous for traffic safety when take in combination. Maastricht. An eye movement recording system was mounted on the subjects' head for, providing relative frequency measures of appropriate visual search at intersections. General driving quality was rated by a licensed driving instructor on a shortened version of the Royal Dutch Tourist Association's Driving Proficiency Test. After placebo treatment subjects looked at side streets from the right in 84% of all cases. Visual search frequency of these subjects did not change when treated with alcohol or marijuana alone. However, when treated with the combination of alcohol and marijuana, the frequency of visual search dropped by 3%.Performance as rated on the Driving Proficiency Scale did not, differ between treatments. It was concluded that the effects of low doses of THC (100 4g/kg) and alcohol (BAC<0.05 g/dl)on visual search and general driving proficiency are minimal when taken alone, but potentially dangerous for traffic safety when taken in combination.-3

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual search and urban city driving under the influence of marijuana and alcohol

Lamers¹,

Ramaekers²

2000

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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“…First, driving studies suggest that, under some circumstances, acute cannabis intake impairs cognitive functions relevant to decision-making cognition (Ramaekers et al, 2004). These include sensori-motor coordination and monitoring functions giving rise to late braking or poor lane control (Hansteen et al, 1976;Liguori et al, 1998;Ramaekers et al, 2000). By contrast, other studies indicate that individuals under the influence of cannabis are apparently aware that their driving skills are impaired and compensate for this by reducing speed and increasing the distance between themselves and cars ahead, suggesting a reduction in risktaking behavior (Iversen, 2000;Robbe, 1994 for review).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Low Doses of Δ-9 Tetrahydrocannabinol on Reinforcement Processing in the Risky Decision-Making of Young Healthy Adults

Rogers

Wakeley

Robson

et al. 2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Research suggests that risky decision-making is sensitive to neuromodulatory influences acting upon corticolimbic circuitry. However, while other evidence attests to effects of D-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on the activity of reward pathways, relatively little is known about the possible involvement of cannabinoid activity in risky choice. In this experiment, we examined the effects of a single sublingual 5 mg dose of THC on a test of risky decision-making (requiring choices between simultaneously presented gambles differing in their magnitude of gains, magnitude of losses and the probability with which these outcomes were delivered). Tests of non-normative decision-making involving risk-aversion when deciding between gains and risk-seeking choices when deciding between losses were also included. In all, 15 healthy adults were administered 5 mg THC and placebo in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject, crossover design. THC had three principal effects relative to placebo: (i) THC reduced choice of gambles with variable gains and losses, but increased choice of gambles with zero-expected value; (ii) THC reduced participants' attention towards losses when the probability of winning was low (and the probability of losing was high); and (iii) THC speeded participants' responses to gambles with large compared to small potential gains. These results suggest that THC mediates specific motivational processes and the processing of reinforcement cues during risky choice, perhaps reflecting altered CB 1 receptor or catecholamine activity within corticolimbic pathways.

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“…The relevant laboratory studies that have been conducted have uniformly focused on performance under driving or flying simulations. These experiments demonstrated that acute marijuana administration impairs performance, and such impairments may be related to both psychomotor function and increased risky maneuvers/ decision making (Hansteen et al, 1976;Janowsky et al, 1976;Liguori et al, 1998Liguori et al, , 2002Ramaekers et al, 2000). Laboratory studies have revealed acute marijuana effects on behaviors, which may be related to risk taking, such as aggression (Cherek et al, 1993), impulsivity as measured by the ability to inhibit a signaled, rapid response pattern (McDonald et al, 2003), and complex decision making (Schaefer et al, 1977;Curran et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Marijuana Effects on Human Risk Taking

Lane

Cherek

Tcheremissine

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

149

100

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Previous studies have established a relationship between marijuana use and risky behavior in natural settings. A limited number of laboratory investigations of marijuana effects on human risk taking have been conducted. The present study was designed to examine the acute effects of smoked marijuana on human risk taking, and to identify behavioral mechanisms that may be involved in drug-induced changes in the probability of risky behavior. Using a laboratory measure of risk taking designed to address acute drug effects, 10 adults were administered placebo cigarettes and three doses of active marijuana cigarettes (half placebo and half 1.77%; 1.77%; and 3.58% D 9 -THC) in a within-subject repeated-measures experimental design. The risk-taking task presented subjects with a choice between two response options operationally defined as risky and nonrisky. Data analyses examined cardiovascular and subjective effects, response rates, distribution of choices between the risky and nonrisky option, and first-order transition probabilities of trial-by-trial data. The 3.58% THC dose increased selection of the risky response option, and uniquely shifted response probabilities following both winning and losing outcomes following selection of the risky option. Acute marijuana administration thereby produced measurable changes in risky decision making under laboratory conditions. Consistent with previous risk-taking studies, shifts in trial-by-trial response probabilities at the highest dose suggested a change in sensitivity to both reinforced and losing risky outcomes. Altered sensitivity to consequences may be a mechanism in drug-induced changes in risk taking. Possible neurobiological sites of action related to THC are discussed. Neuropsychopharmacology (2005) 30, 800-809.

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Effects of Cannabis and Alcohol on Automobile Driving and Psychomotor Tracking

Cited by 53 publications

References 18 publications

Visual search and urban city driving under the influence of marijuana and alcohol

Visual search and urban city driving under the influence of marijuana and alcohol

The Effects of Low Doses of Δ-9 Tetrahydrocannabinol on Reinforcement Processing in the Risky Decision-Making of Young Healthy Adults

Acute Marijuana Effects on Human Risk Taking

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