Effects of 3 Different Commercial Vaccines Formulations against BVDV and BHV-1 on the Inflammatory Response of Holstein Heifers

Abstract

After vaccination, vaccine components must activate the immune response, but the ideal vaccine should not result in undesirable effects in cattle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inflammatory and humoral responses and adverse reactions induced by three adjuvanted commercial vaccines against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1). Holstein heifers (n = 35) were divided into four groups by adjuvant compounds: Vaccine A (Alum; n=9), Vaccine B (Oil-in-water; n=10), Vaccine C (Amphigen/Quil A cholesterol and dimethyl-dioctadecyl ammonium (DDA) bromide (QAD; n=10), and Control (n=6). Heifers were assessed at 0 h, 6, 24, 48, 72 and 168 h post-vaccination; serology was evaluated at first dose (D0), booster (D21) and D42. Heifers vaccinated with Vaccine B (p= 0.0001) and C (p= 0.0001) had a more intense local reaction, while there was a higher rectal temperature detected in heifers vaccinated with Vaccine C (p= 0.020). There was greater systemic reaction observed for heifers vaccinated with Vaccines B and C at 48h (p= 0.002) after a second dose. Clinical pathology parameters [white blood count (WBC) (p = 0.001), neutrophils (p = 0.0001) and haptoglobin concentrations (p = 0.0001)] were higher in animals vaccinated with Vaccine C. Neutralizing Abs against BVDV type 1 strains, NADL and Singer, were detected in animals vaccinated with Vaccines A or C at D42, while BVDV-2 antibodies were detected only in animals vaccinated with Vaccine C. A BHV-1 antibody was detected in all three vaccine groups (Vaccines A, B or C) at day 42 (21 days post booster vaccination). The findings of this research were based on three different commercial laboratory formulations and also according to the conditions which the study was conducted. In this context, vaccine containing mineral oil or Amphigen/QAD presented greater local reactivity and induced a significant systemic inflammatory response. Vaccinated heifers with Alum and Amphigen/QAD commercial vaccines enhanced humoral immune response against BVDV and BHV-1.

Neutralizing antibody titers against field strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus after vaccination with three commercial vaccines

“…Although the interaction between vaccine groups and sampling times was not significant (P = 0.11), especially in groups 2 and 3, antibody titers did not increase quickly following the second administration of vaccines. This outcome can also be seen in different studies in which killed vaccines were used (21,25). In a general approach, using killed whole virion vaccines is expected to have a considerably higher titer after booster vaccination.…”

“…Although the efficiency of inactivated vaccines is strongly and directly related to antigen concentration, the number and route of administration, individual immunity discrepancies, specificity of detection methods, type of adjuvant, and strains of virus selected for vaccination are also critical factors for the level of antibodies detected after BVDV immunization (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). In previous studies, effects of vaccine types on the level of immune response (22), differences in cross-protective immune response between different BVDV subgenotypes (23), or adverse effect, i.e.…”

Impact of persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on indicators of innate and adaptive immune function in holstein calves and cows

“…A high level of haptoglobin appears to suggest a dysregulated innate immune response in PI cattle may be associated with a poor vaccine response observed in PI animals. Pro-inflammatory cytokines recruit and/or activate APC, including macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells (DCs), at the site of inflammation, then enhancing antigen presentation capacity, and migration to lymphoid tissue where the DCs interact with T and B cells to initiate and develop the adaptative immune response (BACCILI et al, 2019).…”

Promising Technologies in the Field of Helminth Vaccines

“…have been developed using the adjuvant Quil A. This saponin based adjuvant contains the water-extractable fraction of the South American tree Quillaja saponaria Molina and has been used in several veterinary applications ( 123 , 124 ). With antigens Fasciola hepatica Cathepsin L1 (FhCL1) ( 125 ), S. mansoni 14 kDa (Sm14) ( 126 ), and F. hepatica peroxiredoxin (FhPRX) ( 127 ), and the former three in combination ( 128 ), Quil A adjuvanting was unable to significantly reduce parasite burden, although vaccination was able to deliver reductions in pathological events.…”