Effects of 12-Week Exercise Program on Enzyme Activity of Serum Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 in Female Patients with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: A Randomized Control Study

Abstract

Background. Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by decreased bone density and destruction of bone microarchitecture. Indicators for altered bone homeostasis are changes in the serum level of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs). The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of a 12-week exercise program on enzyme activity of serum MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in postmenopausal osteoporotic patients. Materials and methods. Participants were randomized in two groups: exercise (EG) (N = 37) and control (CG) (N = 31). The exercise group completed a 12-week supervised exercise program, while the control group did not take part in any physical activity. Enzyme activities of serum MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were detected by gelatin zymography and ELISA in both groups, respectively. Results. Significant differences between pretreatment and posttreatment enzyme activities of serum MMP-9 (p=0.009), TIMP-1 (p≤0.001), and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio (p≤0.001) were detected in the exercise group. Exercises decreased the activity of serum MMP-9 and increased the activity of TIMP-1, while the enzyme activities of MMP-9 (0.583) and TIMP-1 (0.210) have not been significantly changed in CG. Patients from the exercise group had better treatment. Conclusion. Our results suggest that a 12-week exercise program has an influence on enzyme activity of serum MMP-9, revealing a possible role of MMPs in initiating training-specific adaptation. Although measurements of circulating MMP-9 and TIMP-1 allowed us to detect effects of exercise, as of today, they have no real role in the diagnosis of osteoporosis and/or follow-up of osteoporotic patient’s response to treatment. MMP-9 might be used as an important prognostic marker for the evaluation of patient’s response to exercise. Larger-randomized controlled studies need to be performed to expand this area of knowledge. This trial is registered with trial registration number: NCT03816449).

Is TIMP‐1 a biomarker for periodontal disease? A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…None of the studies included in the current review reported that they defined osteoporosis, post‐menopausal woman (a group more susceptible to osteoporosis), and RA as exclusion factors. Additionally, other studies have shown that physical exercise, which is known to stimulate bone resorption, leads to an increase in serum TIMP‐1 level (and increase in MMP‐8 and MMP‐9) suggesting that degree of exercise might be another potential confounder for TIMP‐1 concentration in oral fluids 29,33 . All these studies measured TIMP‐1 levels in serum and not in saliva.…”

“…Additionally, other studies have shown that physical exercise, which is known to stimulate bone resorption, leads to an increase in serum TIMP‐1 level (and increase in MMP‐8 and MMP‐9) suggesting that degree of exercise might be another potential confounder for TIMP‐1 concentration in oral fluids. 29 , 33 All these studies measured TIMP‐1 levels in serum and not in saliva. However, during periodontal inflammation serum proteins leak into the oral cavity.…”

Identification of Key Genes and Underlying Mechanisms in Cystic Fibrosis and its Associated Complications Based on Bioinformatics Analysis of Next Generation Sequencing Data Analysis

“…MMP9 [277], S100A12 [278], IGF2 [279], GPR84 [280], SOCS3 [281], ANXA3 [282], IGFBP2 [283], NOS1AP [284], G0S2 [285], HP (haptoglobin) [286], MMP8 [287], SLC6A19 [288], OSM (oncostatin M) [289], S100A8 [290], FFAR3 [291], ARG1 [292], ADM (adrenomedullin) [293], S100A9 [294], NRG1 [295], IL1R1 [296], IL4R [297], TSPO (translocator protein) [298], TXN (thioredoxin) [299], PLAU (plasminogen activator, urokinase) [300], SLC11A1 [301], TRPM2 [302], RETN (resistin) [303], NLRC4 [304], CD55 [305], ALOX5AP [306], GPR160 [307], TRPM6 [308], ALOX5 [309], IL1RN [310], ADM2 [311], DGAT2 [312], TLR4 [313], ENTPD1 [314], GRB10 [315], IL17RA [316], IRS2 [317], MGAM (maltase-glucoamylase) [318], FADS2 [319], SLC22A4 [320], KCNJ15 [321], PPP1R3B [322], CTSD (cathepsin D) [323], SERPINB11 [324], COL4A3 [325], ADAM12 [326], SOX5 [327], CD80 [328], ERBB2 [329], POU2AF1 [330], FASLG (Fas ligand) [331], SOX13 [332], BANK1 [333], IL2RA [334], AQP3 [335], CCR4 [336], CD74 [337], FCRL3 [338], ITGB7 [339], PARP1 [340], TXNIP (thioredoxin interacting protein) [341], SUV39H1 [342], HSPA8 [343], ETS1 [344], ELP5 [345] and PDCD4 [346] might be important for diabetes mellitus progression. Previous research found that MMP9 [347], CBS (cystathionine beta-synthase) [348], IGF2 [349], IGFBP2 [350…”

The Effect of Maximal Exercise on Matrix Metalloproteinase, its Inhibitor (MMP9 and TIMP1), and the Role of MMP9 -1562 C/T and TIMP1 372 T/C Polymorphisms

“…Considering the chronic effects of exercise on enzyme activities, Filipović, Gopčević [26] investigated the effects of a 12-week exercise program on serum MMP9 and TIMP1 activity in postmenopausal patients with osteoporosis. This exercise program included aerobic, resistance and balance exercises.…”