Effectiveness of eye movement exercise and diaphragmatic breathing with jogging in reducing migraine symptoms: A preliminary, randomized comparison trial

Abstract

Background: Migraine is a multifactorial headache disorder. Maladaptive functional networks or altered circuit-related connectivity in the brain with migraine appear to perturb the effects of usual treatments. Objectives: In the present preliminary trial, we aim to study the effectiveness of performing pieces of body-mind, cognitive, or network reconstruction-based training (i.e., eye movement exercise plus jogging; EME+J and diaphragmatic breathing plus jogging; DB+J) in decreasing migraine symptoms. Methods: We used a three-arm, triple-blind, non-inferiority randomized comparison design with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up measurements to assess the effectiveness of EME+J and DB+J in the brain with migraine. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the study groups to perform either 12 consecutive weeks of EME+J (n = 22), DB+J (n = 19), or receiving, treatment as usual, TAU (n = 22). Results: The primary outcome statistical analysis through a linear mixed model showed a significant decrease in the frequency (p = .0001), duration (p = .003), and intensity (p = .007) of migraine attacks among the interventions and measurement times. The pairwise comparisons of simple effects showed that EME+J and DB+J effectively reduced migraine symptoms at the post-test and follow-up (p < .05). Cochran's tests showed that interventions decreased the number of menses-related migraine attacks. EME+J and DB+J effectively decreased over-the-counter (OTC) drug use, refreshed wake-up mode, and improved sleep and water drinking patterns. These are the secondary outcomes that Cochran's tests showed in the interventional groups after the interventions and at 12 months of follow-up. Conclusion: EME+J or DB+J can be an effective and safe method with no adverse effects to decrease the symptoms of migraine attacks. Moreover, a reduction in the frequency of menstrual cycle-related attacks, OTC drug use, and improved quality of sleep This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Efficacy of various exercise interventions for migraine treatment: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis

“…A total of eight studies reached a good value on the PEDro scale, 39,40,48,52,53,55,57,59 14 studies were rated with a fair value, 37,38,[41][42][43]45,46,49,50,56,58,60,62,63 and six studies obtained a poor value. 44,47,51,54,61,64 The concordance between reviewers was high (κ = 0.92).…”

“…Regarding the risk of bias evaluation (Figures 2 and 3), no study obtained a low risk of bias; only four studies achieved some concerns 40,53,56,59 ; and 24 studies were rated with a high risk of bias. [37][38][39][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]54,55,57,58,[60][61][62][63][64] The concordance between reviewers was moderate (κ = 0.662).…”

“…A total of 25 studies evaluated the efficacy of the various exercise modalities in short-term migraine frequency. [37][38][39][40][41][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63] The network graph shows the direct comparison of a total of eight exercise interventions and two comparators (Figure 4A). High heterogeneity and inconsistency were observed (Total Q = 140.48, p < 0.001; within-design Q = 121.75, p < 0.001; betweendesign Q = 18.72, p = 0.005; T 2 = 0.80; I 2 = 86.2%), although the Q statistic significantly decreased after assuming a full design-bytreatment interaction random-effects model (between-design Q = 2.12, p = 0.908; T 2 within = 1.06).…”

“…A total of 23 studies assessed migraine intensity. [37][38][39]41,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][55][56][57][58][59][60][62][63][64] The network graph shows the direct comparison of eight exercise interventions and two comparators (Figure 4B). T 2 within = 1.21).…”

Effect of Eye Movement Exercise on Pain and Sleep Quality among Patients with Burn

“…Burn injury is a significant threat to global public health that can have a wide range of effects, including psychological and cosmetic harm in addition to physical, functional, and vocational harm (Rouzfarakh et al, 2021). The World Health Organization (WHO, 2023) estimates that 180,000 people die from burns a year, most of which occur in low-and middle-income nations.…”