Effect of various restraint configurations on submarining occurrence across varied seat configurations in autonomous driving system environment

Rawska, Katarzyna; Gepner, Bronisław; Kerrigan, Jason

doi:10.1080/15389588.2021.1939872

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…On the other hand, the airbag presented here was developed within a company producing airbags for several car manufacturers; hence, the proposed airbag complies with internal and international standards, although in the future computational studies could be performed, as in Refs. [7,9,10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…How easy is it to implement a system to alter the airbag reach to suit two driving modes: assisted and autonomous? A multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) was performed with these parameters [23], being graded as excellent (10), good (5), average (3), below average (3), and poor (1); the number inside the parenthesis indicate the points given in each case. The punctuation attributed to each airbag geometry and parameter were selected from the company's previous experiences.…”

Section: Airbag Geometriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These non-standard seating positions are more likely to occur in front seat passengers, but with the advent of autonomous driving these may also occur on both front seat occupants [8,9], emphasising their relevance for airbag designs aimed for such a driving mode. Altering the location of the passenger airbag seems to reduce the risk of submarining front seat passengers [10]. These studies were mostly focused on passenger submarining; however, in the case of autonomous driving, the passenger in the driver's seat may also be affected by this phenomenon, so it is necessary that the restraint systems (seat belt and airbags) are located in a suitable position in order to offer protection while in autonomous driving mode.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of an Airbag Geometry Specific for Autonomous Vehicles

Franco,

Alves Ribeiro,

Sánchez-Arce

2023

Eng

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Airbags are important safety devices in modern vehicles. However, their effectiveness is linked to the occupants being seated in standard positions. Although autonomous vehicles are less accident-prone, they are also equipped with airbags, similar to any other vehicle. Additionally, autonomous vehicles allow for occupants seated in non-standard positions, so in the case of a collision, the airbags’ effectiveness decreases. In this work, an airbag design suitable for both assisted and autonomous driving conditions is proposed, the driver’s airbag being the object of interest. Airbag geometry, threads, seam strength, and seam geometries were selected following Design of Experiments (DoE) methodologies and a series of experimental tests. Moreover, an adaptive system based on sewn tethers allows the airbag to adapt to the driving mode, which is proposed and validated. Finally, all the findings were experimentally tested on two different geometries. The results were satisfactory as the deployed airbag shape and dimensions were as expected, indicating that this airbag design is capable of protecting the driver of a vehicle capable of autonomous driving.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Airbag Geometriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of an Airbag Geometry Specific for Autonomous Vehicles

Franco,

Alves Ribeiro,

Sánchez-Arce

2023

Eng

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“…Commonly known as FE Human Body Models (FE-HBM), not only are these models capable of matching human responses ( Wu et al, 2017 ; Chen et al, 2018 ) but also have the potential to model omnidirectional responses and predict injury at the tissue levels ( Iraeus and Lindquist, 2014 ; Perez-Rapela et al, 2021b ). The capabilities of HBMs open avenues to evaluate safety in non-traditional cases ( Katagiri et al, 2016 ; Perez-Rapela et al, 2019 ) and future seating configurations ( Rawska et al, 2020 , Rawska et al, 2021 ; Östh et al, 2020 ). HBMs are also useful in assessing injury for a wider range of road users, for example, pedestrians and cyclists.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hello, world! VIVA+: A human body model lineup to evaluate sex-differences in crash protection

John

Klug

Kranjec

et al. 2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Finite element Human Body Models are increasingly becoming vital tools for injury assessment and are expected to play an important role in virtual vehicle safety testing. With the aim of realizing models to study sex-differences seen in the injury- and fatality-risks from epidemiology, we developed models that represent an average female and an average male. The models were developed with an objective to allow tissue-based skeletal injury assessment, and thus non-skeletal organs and joints were defined with simplified characterizations to enhance computational efficiency and robustness. The model lineup comprises female and male representations of (seated) vehicle occupants and (standing) vulnerable road users, enabling the safety assessment of broader segments of the road user population. In addition, a new workflow utilized in the model development is presented. In this workflow, one model (the seated female) served as the base model while all the other models were generated as closely-linked derivative models, differing only in terms of node coordinates and mass distribution. This approach opens new possibilities to develop and maintain further models as part of the model lineup, representing different types of road users to reflect the ongoing transitions in mobility patterns (like bicyclists and e-scooter users). In this paper, we evaluate the kinetic and kinematic responses of the occupant and standing models to blunt impacts, mainly on the torso, in different directions (front, lateral, and back). The front and lateral impacts to the thorax showed responses comparable to the experiments, while the back impact varied with the location of impact (T1 and T8). Abdomen bar impact showed a stiffer load-deflection response at higher intrusions beyond 40 mm, because of simplified representation of internal organs. The lateral shoulder impact responses were also slightly stiffer, presumably from the simplified shoulder joint definition. This paper is the first in a series describing the development and validation of the new Human Body Model lineup, VIVA+. With the inclusion of an average-sized female model as a standard model in the lineup, we seek to foster an equitable injury evaluation in future virtual safety assessments.

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“…However, during a frontal crash, the inclined seat pan provides most of the restraining force and control of the forward movement of the lower body, thereby reducing the risk of submarining and the dependence on the lap and shoulder seatbelt (Wiechel and Bolte 2006). This added restraining force is especially important, as the relaxed position requires a seat away from the instrument panel and thereby makes it infeasible to restrain the lower body in the traditional way with a knee bolster or knee airbag as proposed in earlier studies (Ji et al, 2017;Rawska et al, 2019;Tang et al, 2020;Rawska et al, 2021). However, a reclined position induces compression forces to the lumbar vertebrae because they are in line with the impact direction (Boyle et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing Lumbar Spine Vertebra Fracture Risk With an Adaptive Seat Track Load Limiter

Östling

Lundgren²,

Lübbe³

et al. 2022

Front. Future Transp.

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In future fully automated vehicles, sleeping or resting will be desirable during a drive. While a horizontal position currently appears infeasible, a relaxed seating position with a reclined seatback and an inclined seat pan which enables a safe, comfortable position for sleeping or resting is possible. However, the inclined seat pan increases the forces and moments acting on the lumbar spine of the occupant and thereby the risk of lumbar vertebra fractures in a frontal crash. An energy management system integrated into the longitudinal seat adjustment (a seat track load limiter: STLL) that can reduce this risk should be investigated. When evaluating the injury reduction potential of a new restraint system such as a STLL it is important to include variations in both occupant size and crash severity. Otherwise, there is a risk of sub-optimizing, that is, the restraint system is only working for a limited number of situations. The restraint systems addressing these variations are normally referred to as adaptive restraint systems. The first objective of the study is to develop an activation strategy (adaptive release time of the STLL) for different crash severities and occupant sizes, making full use of the available stroke distance without bottoming out the STLL. The second objective is to evaluate the potential of the adaptive STLL to reduce the risk of lumbar vertebra fractures by comparing it to 1) a fixed seat and 2) a passive version of the STLL. Simulated frontal impacts were performed with two male SAFER human body models (HBMs) as occupant surrogates: mid-sized (80 kg and 1.8 m) and large (130 kg and 1.9 m). Three crash pulse severity levels were evaluated: low (40 km/h), medium (50 km/h), and high (56 km/h) impact speeds. The fracture risk was evaluated for the five lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5) in three different seat conditions: 1) a seat fixed to the sled, 2) a passive STLL that moves when a given force is exceeded, and 3) an adaptive STLL which moves at a time that depends on the occupant mass and crash pulse severity. The risk for lumbar vertebra fracture increased with crash pulse severity, while HBM size had no effect on risk. For all conditions, the passive STLL reduced injury risks compared to the fixed seat, and the adaptive STLL reduced risk even further.

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Effect of various restraint configurations on submarining occurrence across varied seat configurations in autonomous driving system environment

Cited by 11 publications

References 13 publications

Development of an Airbag Geometry Specific for Autonomous Vehicles

Development of an Airbag Geometry Specific for Autonomous Vehicles

Hello, world! VIVA+: A human body model lineup to evaluate sex-differences in crash protection

Reducing Lumbar Spine Vertebra Fracture Risk With an Adaptive Seat Track Load Limiter

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