Effect of timing of urea feeding on the yield and quality of embryos in lactating dairy cows

Dawuda, P.M.; Scaramuzzi, R. J.; Leese, H.J.; Hall, C.J; Peters, A. R.; Drew, S.B.; Wathes, D C

doi:10.1016/s0093-691x(02)00973-1

Cited by 66 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Because of the negative impacts of increased protein and energy in the diet on health and fertility (McEvoy et al, 1997;Dawuda et al, 2002) and the high cost of ration, it is important to search for non-traditional supplements with beneficial character-istics for body. Microalgae possesses high concentration of proteins, lipids and vitamins, sulfated polysaccharides, several amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (Gouveia et al, 2008;Ghasemi et al, 2011;Wichuk et al, 2014;Cuellar-Bermudez et al, 2015;Gong and Bassi;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Oocytes and Preimplantation Embryos of Mice Fed Diet Supplemented with Dunaliella salina

Mohammed¹

2017

Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci.

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| The present study investigated the developmental competence of germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes and the resulting embryos upon dietary Dunaliella salina (DS) supplementation. Quality of GV oocytes and maturation, timing of zygotes cleavage to two-cell stage, quality of embryos and offspring number and weight were investigated of mice supplemented with DS (100g/kg ration; N=30) compared to control (N=30).Females were injected with 7.5 I.U. of equine chorionic gonadotropin (PMSG) followed by 7.5 I.U. of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) after 48h and mated with fertile male. Immature GV oocytes were harvested from ovaries after 48h of PMSG injection for investigating quality of oocyte, timing of breakdown of germinal vesicle (GVBD) and extrusion of first polar bodies and maturation rate (%).Zygotes were harvested from uterine tubes 29-30hafterhCG injection and followed for first cleavage whereas quality of blastocysts were evaluated after collection from uterine horn at96h of hCG. Improvement of oocyte quality has been indicated in DS group whereas GVBD and maturation rate were not differed between DS and control groups. Although D. salina did not change timing of first cleavage of zygotes, blastocysts' quality were significantly (P<0.05) increased in DS group. Furthermore, offspring number (9.9 ± 0.26 & 8.2 ± 0.30) and weight (12.01 ± 0.31 & 9.84 ± 0.37) at birth were increased significantly (P<0.05) in the DS group compared to control one. In conclusion, supplementation of D. salina could increase reproductive performance through improvement quality of germinal vesicle oocytes and preimplantation embryos.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Oocytes and Preimplantation Embryos of Mice Fed Diet Supplemented with Dunaliella salina

Mohammed¹

2017

Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci.

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“…Furthermore, dietary protein may also be deaminated and used as a microbial energy source, thereby releasing even larger amounts of ammonium into the circulation and increasing the risk of toxicity before it is converted to urea and removed by the kidneys (McDonald et al 1995, Papadopoulos et al 2001. Effects on fertility are particularly evident when such dietary changes are implemented around the time of mating or insemination (Papadopoulos et al 2001, Dawuda et al 2002. Whether elevated systemic concentrations of ammonia/ammonium (pKa ¼ 9.24) or urea in ruminants reduce embryo survival by disrupting the follicular, oviductal and/or uterine environments remains a topic of discussion (Fahey et al 2001, Papadopoulos et al 2001, Kenny et al 2002.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nonetheless, it has been demonstrated that cattle with increased circulatory levels of urea had altered uterine fluid composition, decreased uterine pH and reduced conception rates (Papadopoulos et al 2001). Despite having no effect on ovulation rate (Fahey et al 2001), elevated systemic urea adversely affects oocytes and/or the follicular environment, and leads to reduced embryo development and quality, in terms of disrupted blastocyst metabolism, possibly through alterations in reproductive tract pH (McEvoy et al 1997, Hammon et al 2000b, Fahey et al 2001, Papadopoulos et al 2001, Dawuda et al 2002. This may affect embryos in the long-term through 'reprogramming' during the earliest stages of embryo development (McEvoy et al 1997, Kwong et al 2000.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ammonium exposure and pyruvate affect the amino acid metabolism of bovine blastocysts in vitro

Orsi¹,

Leese²

2004

Reproduction

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The accumulation of ammonium is a major artefact of in vitro embryo culture. This study has examined ammonium production and potential mechanisms of disposal in preimplantation bovine blastocysts. Embryos were produced by in vitro maturation and fertilisation of oocytes, and cultured in synthetic oviduct fluid containing amino acids and BSA (SOFaaBSA). Ammonium/urea concentrations were determined enzymatically. Amino acid appearance/disappearance 'profiles' of single blastocysts were determined at 0, 1.25 and 2.5 mM NH 4 Cl (with or without 0.33 mM pyruvate), and with or without 10 mM dipicolinic acid (DPCA; a glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) inhibitor) or 2 mM amino-oxyacetate (AOA; a transaminase inhibitor). Free ammonium was produced at a rate of 4.281 (6 0.362) pmol/embryo/h, while urea production was undetectable. The presence/absence of pyruvate affected amino acid profiles, especially alanine appearance (P < 0.001), glutamate disappearance (P < 0.05) and overall turnover (the sum of appearance and disappearance) (P < 0.001). GLDH inhibition with DPCA had no effect on amino acid overall disappearance, but glutamate disappearance increased, while that of arginine decreased (P < 0.05). The transaminase inhibitor, AOA, depressed turnover (P < 0.05), aspartate and glutamate disappearance, and alanine appearance. Thus, bovine blastocysts release ammonium as free ions or fix them, not as urea, but as alanine, possibly glutamine and, less likely, arginine. An active role for GLDH and transaminases in regulating blastocyst amino acid metabolism was demonstrated.

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“…The blood collected into heparinized tubes was immediately centrifuged and the plasma removed and stored at -20 8 C. The plasma was analyzed by radioimmunoassay, for the concentration of progesterone (Dawuda et al, 2004). The sensitivity of the assay was 0.15 ng/ml and the intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 5% and 12%, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of season on luteal activity during the post partum period of dairy cows in temperate areas

Rensis

López‐Gatius

Capelli

et al. 2008

Animal

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Seasonal effects on luteal activity during post partum were evaluated in two consecutive studies in 253 dairy cows in Northern Italy. In study 1, plasma progesterone concentrations were determined on days 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56 post partum and in study 2 cows were synchronized and inseminated at a fixed time using two regimes based on the 'Ovsynch' protocol. Study 1: Animals were classified as luteal (progesterone .1.5 ng/ml in at least two consecutive samples) or non-luteal (progesterone ,1.5 ng/ml in all samples). The proportion of cows without luteal activity from calving to day 56 post partum was 47/253 (18.5%). Of the 47 cows without luteal activity, 42 (89%) were detected during the warm months of the year and five were detected during the cold months of the year, and the effect of season was highly significant (P , 0.001). Study 2: Three study groups were established; control (CONT, untreated cows, n 5 92), GPG (cows receiving gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on day 0, PGF 2a on day 7 followed by a second dose of GnRH 24 h later, n 5 80); and HPH (the same as the GPG group, but with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) substituted for GnRH, n 5 81). In the GPG and HPH groups, cows were inseminated 16 to 22 h after the second GnRH or hCG injection. Untreated cows were inseminated at first estrus after a voluntary weaning period. Because the effects of the GPG and HPH regimes on pregnancy rate were not significantly different, data were pooled into a single treatment group (TREAT). Pregnancy rates during the warm months of the year were 16% and 15% at first service and 65% and 66% at day 135 post partum for CONT and TREAT groups, respectively. Pregnancy rates during the cold months of the year were 36% and 38% at first service and 72% and 76% at day 135 post partum for CONT and TREAT groups, respectively. There was an effect of season (P , 0.05) but not of treatment on pregnancy rate. Treatment reduced the number of days from calving to conception during both the cold (101 6 3.2 v. 121 6 3.1 days; P , 0.001) and warm seasons (122 6 3.2 v. 145 6 3.1 days; P , 0.001). In conclusion, the present study shows that (i) heat stress during the warm season can compromise luteal activity and (ii) that regimes based on the Ovsynch protocol did not improve pregnancy rate at first service or by 135 post partum, but they had a positive effect on the calving-to-conception interval.Keywords: progesterone, heat stress, season, dairy cow, Ovsynch IntroductionPost partum anestrous persisting beyond 50 to 60 days after calving is common in high-producing dairy cows and it is one of the main factors that increases the length of the inter-calving interval (Opsomer et al., 2000;Lamming and Royal, 2001;Ló pez-Gatius et al., 2001). This problem can be caused either by a failure of cyclic cows to show estrous behavior or by a failure of the cows to re-commence cycling after calving. Cows can remain acyclic because of the presence of persistent follicular cysts, persistent corpora lutea or inactive ovaries with no follicul...

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Effect of timing of urea feeding on the yield and quality of embryos in lactating dairy cows

Cited by 66 publications

References 37 publications

Development of Oocytes and Preimplantation Embryos of Mice Fed Diet Supplemented with Dunaliella salina

Development of Oocytes and Preimplantation Embryos of Mice Fed Diet Supplemented with Dunaliella salina

Ammonium exposure and pyruvate affect the amino acid metabolism of bovine blastocysts in vitro

Effect of season on luteal activity during the post partum period of dairy cows in temperate areas

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