Effect of swimming on bone growth and development in young rats

Swissa-Sivan, A.; Simkin, Ariel; Leichter, Isaac; Nyska, Abraham; Nyska, Meir; Statter, M.; Bivas, Arye; Menczel, J; Samueloff, S.

doi:10.1016/0169-6009(89)90067-6

Cited by 45 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…These rats also had increased total cross-sectional areas, medullary areas, and cortical areas at the humerus (33). In this study, bone properties were not different if the rats were loaded with an additional 1% body weight attached to the tail, or if they swam load-free (36). Adding 2% of body weight in a study by the same research group (35) resulted in similar increases in BMD and BMC at the humerus.…”

supporting

confidence: 68%

“…An ophthalmic ointment (BNP Sterile Ophthalmic Ointment; Vetcom, Inc., Upton, QC, Canada) was applied to each eye to prevent dryness and damage. The entire proximal tibial metaphysis, proximal humeral metaphysis, and whole femur were chosen for longitudinal analysis on the basis of previous swim studies (4,(34)(35)(36)39). Additional sites were selected for ex vivo analysis because nonuniform changes are expected to occur with exercise (24).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast to the low BMD observed in human swimmers, there have been recent reports of improved bone properties for swimming female rats (33)(34)(35)(36)39). In a study by Swissa-Sivan et al (36), 5-wk-old rats swam for 1 hId j1 , 5 dIwk j1 , for 20 wk and reported increased bone length, volume, and bone mineral content (BMC) at the humerus. These rats also had increased total cross-sectional areas, medullary areas, and cortical areas at the humerus (33).…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

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Reduced Bone Mass Accrual in Swim-Trained Prepubertal Mice

Buie

Boyd

2010

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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supporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 90%

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Reduced Bone Mass Accrual in Swim-Trained Prepubertal Mice

Buie

Boyd

2010

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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“…The early ontogeny aspect of the study is important to highlight because of varied outcomes in the literature. Results range from reduced limb length with exercise (Kiiskinen, 1977;Li et al, 1991;Bourrin et al, 1994;Reich et al, 2005), to no effect (Nyska et al, 1995;Niehoff et al, 2004;Fritton et al, 2005;Hamrick et al, 2006), to increased limb length with exercise (Beyer, 1896;Adams, 1938;Buskirk et al, 1956;Tomljenovic Borer and Kuhns, 1977;Swissa-Sivan et al, 1989;Losos et al, 2001;Iwamoto et al, 2004;Plochocki et al, 2008;Serrat et al, 2010). Although nutrition, trauma, pathology, sex, severity, and duration of exercise are all potential factors that might explain some of the discrepancies among these studies (particularly the reduced limb growth) (Rogol et al, 2000;Forwood, 2008), much of the remaining variation could be explained by simply examining the age of the subjects.…”

Section: Examples Of a Critical Age Period In Exercise Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allen's Rule Revisited: Temperature Influences Bone Elongation During a Critical Period of Postnatal Development

Serrat

2013

The Anatomical Record

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Limbs of animals raised at warm ambient temperature are significantly and permanently longer than those of siblings housed in the cold. These highly reproducible lab results closely parallel the ecogeographical tenet described by Allen's extremity size rule, which states that appendage length correlates with temperature and latitude. It is unclear what mechanisms underlie these differences and in what pattern they emerge, since the morphology is traditionally thought to reflect naturally selected genomic adaptations for thermoregulation. This study tests the a posteriori hypothesis that adult extremity length is subject to substantial modification by temperature during a brief but critical period of early postnatal development. Weanling mice (N 5 28) were divided into three groups and housed at 7 C, 21 C, or 27 C for eight weeks. Tail lengths and body mass were measured weekly. Mass did not differ at any age. Analysis of tail elongation curves revealed two distinct phases: an initial period of rapid temperature-sensitive growth in which elongation rate was directly impacted by temperature; and a second phase of continued growth in which rates were identical among groups. Comparable growth reactions occur in response to other environmental variables such as exercise, suggesting that the skeleton is most responsive to external stimuli during a window of heightened sensitivity when growth occurs most rapidly. Knowledge of the timing and degree to which growth plasticity permits mammals to immediately adjust to novel temperature conditions will be important for analyzing skeletal variation in fluctuating climates, particularly for assessing factors that may accelerate skeletal evolution at temperature extremes. Anat Rec, 296:1534Rec, 296: -1545

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“…However, these subjects were noncompetitive postmenopausal individuals. Furthermore, animal studies have shown that swimming of sufficient intensity and duration will sufficiently increase mechanical stimuli causing an increased bone density in rats (18,19).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of swimming and type of stroke on bone metabolism in competitiveadolescent swimmers: a pilot study

Akgül¹,

Kanbur²,

Cinemre³

et al. 2015

Turk J Med Sci

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Background/aim: Physical activity plays a key role in increasing and preserving bone mineral density (BMD). Effects on bone development associated with various nonweight-bearing sporting activities, such as swimming, are controversial. Different strokes used in swimming may also present as another factor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of swimming and type of stroke on BMD in competitive adolescent athletes.Materials and methods: Seventy-nine swimmers between the ages of 10 and 21 years participated in this study. BMD was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the lumbar vertebrae and left proximal femur. Daily calorie intake and calcium consumption, and measurements of calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphates, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D), and osteocalcin were evaluated.Results: Preliminary results revealed that the type of stroke had no effect on BMD (P = 0.79). Additionally competitive swimmers did not have augmented bone mineral accretion, and in 13.9% of athletes low BMD was confirmed. Sixty percent of swimmers had either deficient or insufficient 25(OH) D levels and a low mean calorie (P = 0.542) and calcium (P = 0.038) intake was observed. Conclusion:This was the first study to evaluate the effect of swimming stroke on BMD. Although no effect was statistically shown, further studies with a larger series may determine this effect.

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Effect of swimming on bone growth and development in young rats

Cited by 45 publications

References 19 publications

Reduced Bone Mass Accrual in Swim-Trained Prepubertal Mice

Reduced Bone Mass Accrual in Swim-Trained Prepubertal Mice

Allen's Rule Revisited: Temperature Influences Bone Elongation During a Critical Period of Postnatal Development

The effect of swimming and type of stroke on bone metabolism in competitiveadolescent swimmers: a pilot study

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