Effect of stocking density on growth performance, plasma biochemistry and muscle gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Zahedi, Saeed; Akbarzadeh, Arash; Mehrzad, Jalil; Noori, Ahmad; Harsij, Mohammad

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.07.044

Cited by 49 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Cortisol is the most commonly used physiological indicator of the primary response to stress [21]. However, it has been shown that this corticosteroid is not a reliable biomarker of long-term stress exposure [27,[35][36][37]. In this study, Gilthead seabream that endured high stocking densities over 54 days showed a possible reconfiguration of the cortisol response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…However, other factors like species, age, sex and individual coping mechanisms seem to be ubiquitous and impact their adaptive processes [24,38,41]. This process of stress habituation was already suggested and demonstrated in other studies [37,42], but this mechanism is not yet well-understood. High individual variability was also observed in each trial, most likely due to individual differences in the stress response related to intrinsic factors of the animal (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

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Protein changes as robust signatures of fish chronic stress: a proteomics approach to fish welfare research

et al. 2020

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Background: Aquaculture is a fast-growing industry and therefore welfare and environmental impact have become of utmost importance. Preventing stress associated to common aquaculture practices and optimizing the fish stress response by quantification of the stress level, are important steps towards the improvement of welfare standards. Stress is characterized by a cascade of physiological responses that, in-turn, induce further changes at the wholeanimal level. These can either increase fitness or impair welfare. Nevertheless, monitorization of this dynamic process has, up until now, relied on indicators that are only a snapshot of the stress level experienced. Promising technological tools, such as proteomics, allow an unbiased approach for the discovery of potential biomarkers for stress monitoring. Within this scope, using Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) as a model, three chronic stress conditions, namely overcrowding, handling and hypoxia, were employed to evaluate the potential of the fish protein-based adaptations as reliable signatures of chronic stress, in contrast with the commonly used hormonal and metabolic indicators. Results: A broad spectrum of biological variation regarding cortisol and glucose levels was observed, the values of which rose higher in net-handled fish. In this sense, a potential pattern of stressor-specificity was clear, as the level of response varied markedly between a persistent (crowding) and a repetitive stressor (handling). Gel-based proteomics analysis of the plasma proteome also revealed that net-handled fish had the highest number of differential proteins, compared to the other trials. Mass spectrometric analysis, followed by gene ontology enrichment and protein-protein interaction analyses, characterized those as humoral components of the innate immune system and key elements of the response to stimulus. Conclusions: Overall, this study represents the first screening of more reliable signatures of physiological adaptation to chronic stress in fish, allowing the future development of novel biomarker models to monitor fish welfare.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Protein changes as robust signatures of fish chronic stress: a proteomics approach to fish welfare research

et al. 2020

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“…However, excessive stocking density could cause crowding stress as it directly influences the growth, intestinal microbiota, reproduction, physiology and welfare status of cultured fish (Abdel‐Tawwab, 2012; Abdel‐Tawwab, Hagras, Elbaghdady, & Monier, 2014; Zahedi, Akbarzadeh, Mehrzad, Noori, & Harsij, 2019). The response to crowding stress in fish is characterized by the stimulation of the hypothalamus, which results in the activation of the neuroendocrine system, leading to a raise in corticosteroid and catecholamines secretions, and a subsequent progression of physiological and biochemical responses changes in order to increase the tolerance of organisms to face an overcrowded situation (Martínez‐Porchas, Martínez‐Córdova, & Ramos‐Enriquez, 2009; Mommsen, Vijayan, & Moon, 1999; Zahedi et al., 2019), and this could finally lead to changes in behaviour, physiology, immune, growth rate and disease resistance of individuals (Ellis et al., 2002; Lupatsch, Santos, Schrama, & Verreth, 2010; Naderi, Keyvanshokooh, Salati, & Ghaedi, 2017; Telli et al., 2014; Yarahmadi, Miandare, Fayaz, & Caipang, 2016). For the promotion and application of IPRS culturing model, it is necessary to determine the suitable stocking densities to obtain better fish growth rate, welfare and great productivity, and minimize water environmental pollution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of stocking density on growth, serum parameters, antioxidant status, liver and intestine histology and gene expression of largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) farmed in the in‐pond raceway system

Wang

Nie

et al. 2020

Aquac Res

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In China, the in‐pond raceway system (IPRS) recirculating culture is a new model of freshwater aquaculture. A 120‐day feeding study was carried out to evaluate the influence of stocking density on growth, digestive enzymes activity, serum parameters, antioxidant status, liver and intestine histology and gene expression of HSP70 and Cu/Zn‐SOD of largemouth bass farmed in IPRS. Largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (initial body weight, 4.50 ± 0.23 g), were randomly farmed in nine raceways stocked at three stocking densities of 0.2 (LSD), 0.4 (MSD) and 0.6 (HSD) kg/m3, and sampled at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days. The results showed that body weight, specific growth rate and weight gain of fish farmed at MSD group were higher than that farmed at LSD and HSD treatments on 30 days (p < 0.05), while fish farmed at MSD and HSD treatments had significantly lower growth than those farmed at LSD groups on 90 and 120 days (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in serum cortisol, glucose and triglyceride levels among three groups on 30, 60 and 90 days (p > 0.05), whereas fish farmed at HSD group had significant higher values than that farmed at LSD group on 120 day (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in serum lysozyme level on day 30, while it decreased with increasing stocking densities on after day 60. Fish reared at LSD group had significantly higher SOD activities than those farmed at MSD and HSD treatments, and had significantly higher CAT activities than those farmed at HSD group on 120 day (p < 0.05). MDA level increased with increasing stocking density on days 60, 90 and 120 (p < 0.05). Fish farmed at HSD group had significantly higher liver HSP70 mRNA levels on days 90 and 120 (p < 0.05). Cu/Zn‐SOD mRNA levels showed a downward trend. No significant difference was observed on liver and intestine histology (p > 0.05). In conclusion, largemouth bass farmed at 0.4 kg/m3 had better growth and health status before days 30. After that, fish farmed at higher stocking densities in IPRS would inhibit growth and reduce immune function.

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“…Cortisol has been the most commonly used physiological indicator of the primary response to stress (21). However, there is a shred of evidence indicating that this corticosteroid is not a reliable biomarker of long-term stress exposure (27,(35)(36)(37). In this study, Gilthead seabream exposed to high stocking densities during 54 days showed a possible reconfiguration of the cortisol response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…However, other factors like species, age, sex and individual coping mechanisms seem to be ubiquitous and impact their adaptive processes (24,38,41). This process of stress habituation was already suggested and demonstrated in other studies (37,42), but this mechanism is not completely understood so far. High individual variability was also found in every trial, most likely due to individual differences in the stress response related with intrinsic factors to the animal (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Protein changes as robust signatures of fish chronic stress: a proteomics approach in fish welfare research

Magalhães

Schrama

Farinha

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: In order to have a greater understanding of fish welfare, sensitive technological tools, such as proteomics, may assist the aquaculture industry as it allows an unbiased approach for the discovery of potential biomarkers for stress monitoring. Stress is characterized by a cascade of physiological responses that end-up inducing further changes at the whole-animal level that might either increase fitness or impair welfare. Monitorization of this dynamic process, up till now relies on indicators that are only a snapshot of the stress level experienced. Within this scope, using G ilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata ) as model, three chronic stress conditions, namely overcrowding, handling and hypoxia, were employed to evaluate the potential of the fish protein-based adaptations as reliable signatures of chronic stress, in contrast with the commonly used hormonal and metabolic indicators. Results: A large spectrum of biological variation regarding cortisol and glucose levels was observed, which values rose higher in net handled fish. In this sense, a potential pattern of stressor-specificity was evidenced since the magnitude of response and tolerance varied markedly from a permanent (crowding) to a repetitive stressor (handling). Gel-based proteomics analysis of the plasma proteome also revealed that net handled fish had the highest number of differential proteins, compared to the other trials . M ass spectrometric analysis, followed by gene ontology enrichment and protein-protein interaction analyses, characterized those as humoral components of the innate immune system and key elements on the response to stimulus. Conclusions: Overall, this study represents the first screening of more reliable signatures of physiological adaptation to chronic stress in fish, allowing the future development of novel biomarker models to monitor fish welfare.

show abstract

Effect of stocking density on growth performance, plasma biochemistry and muscle gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Cited by 49 publications

References 43 publications

Protein changes as robust signatures of fish chronic stress: a proteomics approach to fish welfare research

Protein changes as robust signatures of fish chronic stress: a proteomics approach to fish welfare research

Effects of stocking density on growth, serum parameters, antioxidant status, liver and intestine histology and gene expression of largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) farmed in the in‐pond raceway system

Protein changes as robust signatures of fish chronic stress: a proteomics approach in fish welfare research

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