Effect of skin temperature on multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis

Abstract

This study assessed the effects of changes in skin temperature on multifrequency bioimpedance analysis (MF-BIA) and on the prediction of body water compartments. Skin temperature (baseline 29.3 +/- 2.1 degrees C) of six healthy adults was raised over 50 min to 35.8 +/- 0.6 degrees C, followed by cooling for 20 min to 26.9 +/- 1.3 degrees C, by using an external heating and cooling blanket. MF-BIA was measured at both distal (conventional) and proximal electrode placements. Both distal and proximal impedance varied inversely with a change in skin temperature across all frequencies (5-500 kHz). The change in proximal impedance per degree centigrade change in skin surface temperature was approximately 60% of distal impedance. The change in measured impedance at 50 kHz erroneously increased predicted total body water (TBW) by 2.6 +/- 0.9 liters (P < 0.001) and underpredicted fat mass by 3.3 +/- 1.3 kg (P < 0.0001). Computer modeling of the MF-BIA data indicated changes in predicted water compartments with temperature modifications; however, the ratio of extracellular water (ECW) to TBW did not significantly change (P < 0.4). This change in impedance was not due to a change in the movement of water of the ECW compartment and thus probably represents a change in cutaneous impedance of the skin. Controlled ambient and skin temperatures should be included in the standardization of BIA measurements. The error in predicted TBW is < 1% within an ambient temperature range of 22.3 to 27.7 degrees C (72.1-81.9 degrees F).

Association Between Amount of Water Intake and Quality of Sleep in Adults - Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

“…This amount is below the daily water needs of adults. An adult needs 2.5 L if sedentary; and 3.2 L if performing modest physical activity (32)(33)(34)(35). More active adults living in a warm environment have daily water needs of about 6 L (36).…”

Application of bioelectrical impedance to sports science

“…The factors that can influence fluid balance should be excluded whenever possible 9) . BIA is dependent on temperature, so remarkable changes in body temperature or ambient temperature will affect the measurements 10) . Maintenance of the ambient temperature is particularly important when performing continuous measurements 11) .…”

A Replication Strategy for Distributed Real-Time Object-Oriented Databases

“…electrode placement, side of body, posture, limb position, ambient temperature, skin temperature, hydration status, food and liquid intake, fluid shifts, sweating, and recency of exercise (Caton et al 1988;Roos et al 1992;Shirreffs and Maughan 1994;Gudivaka et al 1996;Armstrong et al 1997;Cheuvront 2005). In this current study, ambient temperature could not have been an error source because it did not change from pre-to post-practice measurements.…”

“…Fluid and electrolyte shifts occur during and immediately following exercise which effect post-exercise bio-electrical impedance measurements (Koulmann et al 2000). Additionally, many of the sources of error associated with bio-electrical impedance measurement that can be controlled in a clinical or laboratory setting may not be controllable in a field setting such as: posture, limb position, ambient temperature, hydration status, food and liquid intake, fluid shifts, sweating, and recency of exercise (Caton et al 1988;Roos et al 1992;Shirreffs and Maughan 1994;Gudivaka et al 1996;Armstrong et al 1997;Cheuvront 2005).…”