Effect of shade treatment on theanine biosynthesis in Camellia sinensis seedlings

Deng, Wei‐Wei; Fei, Yue; Wang, Shuo; Wan, Xiaochun; Zhang, Zhengzhu; Hu, Xiangyang

doi:10.1007/s10725-013-9828-1

Cited by 39 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The enhanced level of theanine in albino leaves or by shade observed in this study and reported earlier145455 suggested potential transcription changes for genes related to theanine biosynthesis. Theanine is reportedly synthesized by theanine synthetase from glutamic acid and ethylamine56, which is derived from L-alanine in tea plants1157 by the action of AIDA, ADC or SAMDC1213.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Metabolic Flux Redirection and Transcriptomic Reprogramming in the Albino Tea Cultivar ‘Yu-Jin-Xiang’ with an Emphasis on Catechin Production

Han

Lin

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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In this study, shade-induced conversion from a young pale/yellow leaf phenotype to a green leaf phenotype was studied using metabolic and transcriptomic profiling and the albino cultivar ‘Yu-Jin-Xiang’ (‘YJX’) of Camellia sinensis for a better understanding of mechanisms underlying the phenotype shift and the altered catechin and theanine production. Shaded leaf greening resulted from an increase in leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid abundance and chloroplast development. A total of 1,196 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the ‘YJX’ pale and shaded green leaves, and these DEGs affected ‘chloroplast organization’ and ‘response to high light’ besides many other biological processes and pathways. Metabolic flux redirection and transcriptomic reprogramming were found in flavonoid and carotenoid pathways of the ‘YJX’ pale leaves and shaded green leaves to different extents compared to the green cultivar ‘Shu-Cha-Zao’. Enhanced production of the antioxidant quercetin rather than catechin biosynthesis was correlated positively with the enhanced transcription of FLAVONOL SYNTHASE and FLAVANONE/FLAVONOL HYDROXYLASES leading to quercetin accumulation and negatively correlated to suppressed LEUCOANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE, ANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE and SYNTHASE leading to catechin biosynthesis. The altered levels of quercetin and catechins in ‘YJX’ will impact on its tea flavor and health benefits.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Metabolic Flux Redirection and Transcriptomic Reprogramming in the Albino Tea Cultivar ‘Yu-Jin-Xiang’ with an Emphasis on Catechin Production

Han

Lin

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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“…When equimolar concentrations of NO 3 − and NH 4 + were supplied, NH 4 + more efficiently promoted tea plant growth and amino acid accumulation 26,27,33,34 . In addition, intensive studies showed that shading treatment significantly increases free amino acid accumulation in tea plant 29,35,36 . The alteration of amino acid metabolism under various conditions was suggested to be associated with gene expression and activity of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and other amino acid biosynthesis genes 26,34,36 .…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In addition, intensive studies showed that shading treatment significantly increases free amino acid accumulation in tea plant 29,35,36 . The alteration of amino acid metabolism under various conditions was suggested to be associated with gene expression and activity of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and other amino acid biosynthesis genes 26,34,36 . However, only a few genes involved in amino acid metabolism and genes associated with changes in amino acid accumulation have been identified in tea plants.…”

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Transcriptional regulation of amino acid metabolism in response to nitrogen deficiency and nitrogen forms in tea plant root (Camellia sinensis L.)

Yang

Tai

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Free amino acids, including theanine, glutamine and glutamate, contribute greatly to the pleasant taste and multiple health benefits of tea. Amino acids in tea plants are mainly synthesized in roots and transported to new shoots, which are significantly affected by nitrogen (N) level and forms. However, the regulatory amino acid metabolism genes have not been systemically identified in tea plants. Here, we investigated the dynamic changes of free amino acid contents in response to N deficiency and forms in tea plant roots, and systemically identified the genes associated amino acid contents in individual metabolism pathways. Our results showed that glutamate-derived amino acids are the most dynamic in response to various forms of N and N deficiency. We then performed transcriptomic analyses of roots treated with N deficiency and various forms of N, and differentially expressed amino acid metabolic genes in each pathway were identified. The analyses on expression patterns and transcriptional responses of metabolic genes to N treatments provided novel insights for the molecular basis of high accumulation of theanine in tea plant root. These analyses also identified potential regulatory genes in dynamic amino acid metabolism in tea plant root. Furthermore, our findings indicated that the dynamic expression levels of CsGDH, CsAlaDC, CsAspAT, CsSDH, CsPAL, CsSHMT were highly correlated with changes of amino acid contents in their corresponding pathways. Herein, this study provides comprehensive insights into transcriptional regulation of amino acid metabolism in response to nitrogen deficiency and nitrogen forms in tea plant root.(Ser), glycine (Gly) and cysteine (Cys) synthesis. In tea plant, Thea is synthesized from Glu and ethylamine (EA) by theanine synthetase (TS) 14 . EA is likely produced from alanine under the catalysis of alanine decarboxylase 15 .Amino acid catabolism have been clearly described in animals, however, limited information of amino acid catabolism is available in plants. Hildebrandt et al. summarized the catabolic pathways of amino acids in land plants. Generally, amino acids are catabolized by oxidative deamination, oxidative decarboxylation, and transamination. These reactions are catalyzed by amino acid dehydrolases, decarboxylases and aminotransferases, respectively. Gln, Asn and Arg are also hydrolyzed by asparaginase, glutaminase, and arginase to release amide groups 16 .The accumulation of free amino acids is resultant of biosynthesis and catabolism. Previous studies showed that feedback inhibition loops control amino acid biosynthesis in plants 17 . Here, the accumulation of an amino acid inhibits the transcription or the activities of the enzymes in its biosynthesis pathway [18][19][20] . Expression of feedback-insensitive form of enzymes resulted in higher levels of the corresponding amino acids 17,21 . The central role of amino acid catabolism is to adjust the amino acid pool size, especially under stress conditions 12 . Some regulatory enzymes in amino acid metabolism have been ident...

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“…L-theanine synthetase and L-theanine hydrolase have both been found to affect the metabolism of theanine, and L-theanine synthetase could catalyze the synthesis of tea ammonia by glutamic acid and amine as a substrate catalyst, which is the opposite effect of theanine hydrolase [25][26][27]. From this we inferred that the damage from A. lucorum might inhibit Note: The data in the table showed the mean ± standard error by Duncan's multiple range test, the same column after the data lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P<0 05 Table 4: Effect of damage of Apolygus lucorum on the content of caffeine, theanine and tea polyphenols in tea (Qingdao, China).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional Characteristics of Normal, Apolygus lucorum-Damaged, and Mechanically Damaged Tender Shoots of Tea (Camellia sinensis)

Lu¹,

Fangmeng²,

Tan³

et al. 2017

J Nutr Food Sci

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Apolygus lucorum is currently a major pest of tea plantations, affecting the normal growth of tea shoots and reducing yield and quality. This study measured the effect of damage by A. lucorum alongside mechanical damage using UV spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography. We found that the nutritional characteristics of tea varied with the level of bug damage, which influenced levels of caffeine, theanine, and tea polyphenols. As damage increased, caffeine content gradually increased. In contrast, theanine levels in highly damaged leaves were reduced compared to other levels of damage. The polyphenol level, like caffeine, increased with increasing damage. The levels of five other substances-Epigallocatechin, Catechin, Epigallocatechin gallate, Epicatechin, and Epicatechin gallate were all higher in tea with higher damage. Damage from A. lucorum changed the chemical profile of the tea, caused tea water turbidity, taste bitterness and decreased freshness, leading to the tea quality decline.

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Effect of shade treatment on theanine biosynthesis in Camellia sinensis seedlings

Cited by 39 publications

References 16 publications

Metabolic Flux Redirection and Transcriptomic Reprogramming in the Albino Tea Cultivar ‘Yu-Jin-Xiang’ with an Emphasis on Catechin Production

Metabolic Flux Redirection and Transcriptomic Reprogramming in the Albino Tea Cultivar ‘Yu-Jin-Xiang’ with an Emphasis on Catechin Production

Transcriptional regulation of amino acid metabolism in response to nitrogen deficiency and nitrogen forms in tea plant root (Camellia sinensis L.)

Nutritional Characteristics of Normal, Apolygus lucorum-Damaged, and Mechanically Damaged Tender Shoots of Tea (Camellia sinensis)

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