Effect of Rigid Bridge-Protection Units, Quadrupolar Interactions, and Blending in Organic Electro-Optic Chromophores

Abstract

A new organic electro-optic (EO) molecule was designed with two modifications aimed at increasing acentric order. The molecule is based on the well-known CLD donor-π bridge-acceptor template. The first structural modification introduces rigid aromatic fluorenyl and naphthyl site-isolation units (sterically bulky functional groups) to reduce aggregation. Site isolation units have been used in the past, but this is the first time that both the "front" and "back" of the CLD tetraene bridge have been modified with site-isolation units, and we had to introduce new synthetic methodology to do so. The second design element was the inclusion of cooperatively interacting aromatic dendron (HD) and fluoroaromatic dendron (FD) side groups to increase the acentric order. HD/FD units have previously been successfully used to increase EO performance, but we changed their location on the chromophore: they are attached to the donor and acceptor ends of the molecule to better match side chain ordering with the dipole moment of the molecule. Comparison chromophores were synthesized with alkyl (-MOM), hydroxyl (-OH), or HD units on the acceptor end of the molecule and either the traditional CLD bridge (T-bridge) or modified bridge (BB-bridge) for a family of eight chromophores. The HD/FD units increased glass transition temperature, T g , by 4−21 °C, and the bulky bridge modification increased T g by 27−44 °C, which is very beneficial as that results in extra thermal stability of the poling-induced acentric order. UV/vis absorbance spectroscopy shows that the site-isolation units reduce aggregation. Unfortunately, poor film formation of the neat materials precluded full chromophore evaluation in poling and r 33 experiments. The EO performance obtained for HD-BB-FD and HD-BB-OH was lower than expected, with r 33 /E p ≈ 1 nm 2 V −2 at 1310 nm. We found that blending in 25 wt % YLD124 improved film-forming and poling efficiency. Due to the effect of blending and improved site isolation, r 33 /E p improved to 2.1−2.3 nm 2 V −2 for 3:1 HD-BB-FD:YLD124, HD-BB-OH:YLD124, and HD-BB-MOM:YLD124, and r 33 as high as 351 pm V −1 was obtained with 3:1 HD-BB-MOM:YLD124. Chromophore blends were also evaluated in plasmonic organic hybrid (POH) phase modulators with slot lengths of 5−20 μm. In POH devices, r 33 was as high as 325 pm V −1 at 1260 nm and 220 pm V −1 at 1520 nm. Overall, the increase in acentric order afforded by the HD/FD interactions was found to be small and resulted in no increase in r 33 due to the reduced number density. Ultimately, the increase in r 33 /E p afforded by the site isolation and blending resulted in a modest increase in r 33 /E p relative to YLD124, but combined with the increased T g , the chromophore system is a significant improvement and points to an important design strategy.

Harnessing nonlinearities near material absorption resonances for reducing losses in plasmonic modulators

“…1(b). This composite features in-device EO coefficients of up to 325 pm/V and is the outcome of theory guided OEO material design [36].This progress has been accompanied with an increase of the temperature stability of binary and monolithic OEO materials [35,36] tending towards the impressive T g values of guest-host materials such as SEO100 and M3, see Table 1. The new OEO material has not yet been fully investigated for thermal stability.…”

“…The modulator comprising of silicon (Si) access waveguides (blue) and a plasmonic slot waveguide formed by two gold (Au) contact pads (yellow). The slots of width (w) are typically 40 nm-to 160 nm-wide and are filled with a binary chromophore composite of 75% HD-BB-OH and 25%YLD124 [36], see Fig. 1(b).…”

All-Plasmonic IQ Modulator With a 36 μm Fiber-to-Fiber Pitch

“…Afterwards, the energy is split upon the four arms of the IQ-modulator. The MIM slots are filled with an OEO material which induces a refractive index change through the Pockels effect 11 .…”

Ultra-Compact 0.8 Tbit/s Plasmonic Modulator Array

“…The arrays have been fabricated with in-house cleanroom technology as described in [6]. As nonlinear material, the organic electro-optic material HD-BB-OH/YLD124 was used [13].…”