Effect of pressure toasting on the rumen degradability and intestinal digestibility of whole and broken peas, lupins and faba beans and a mixture of these feedstuffs

Goelema, J.O.; Spreeuwenberg, M.A.M.; Hof, G.; Poel, A.F.B. van der; Tamminga, S.

doi:10.1016/s0377-8401(98)00212-0

Cited by 114 publications

(92 citation statements)

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“…Samples were freeze dried (FTS, Dura-Dry programmable tray freeze drier, Stone Ridge, NY, USA), ground to pass a 1-mm screen (Wiley mill, T. Peppink & Zn., Machinefabriek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) and analysed for DM (ISO 6496), Cr and NDF residue. The NDF residue was determined using a modified method of Van Soest et al (1991) as described by Goelema et al (1998), but omitting the incineration step. Subsamples of faecal material and residual NDF material were pulverized in a bullet mill (5 min at 80 Hz; MM 2000; Retsch, Haan, Germany) and analysed for 13 C by combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry (C-IRMS; Finnigan_MAT CN, Bremen, Germany).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…After filtration, crucibles were directly frozen at 2208C and the DM residue weight was determined after freeze drying to constant weight. Thereafter, the residual NDF matter in two of the replicate crucibles was determined by boiling the residue in neutral detergent following a modified method of Van Soest et al (1991) as described by Goelema et al (1998), but omitting the incineration step. The residual lignin matter was determined in another two replicate crucibles following the procedure of Van Soest (1973), and again omitting incineration.…”

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confidence: 99%

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δ13C as a marker to study digesta passage kinetics in ruminants: a combined in vivo and in vitro study

Pellikaan

Verstegen

Tamminga

et al. 2013

Animal

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The aim of the current study was to explore the use of the tracer 13C as an internal marker to assess feed fraction-specific digesta passage kinetics through the digestive tract of dairy cows. Knowledge on feed-specific fractional passage rates is essential to improve estimations on the extent of rumen degradation and microbial protein efficiency; however, this information is largely lacking. An in vivo and in vitro experiment was conducted with grass silages (Lolium perenne L.) that were enriched with 13C by growing the grass under elevated 13CO2 conditions. In a crossover design, two dairy cows received pulse doses of two 13C-enriched grass silages and chromium-mordanted neutral detergent fibre (Cr-NDF) into the rumen. The two 13C-enriched grass silages used differed in digestibility and were grown under identical field conditions as the bulk silages fed to the animals. Faecal excretion patterns of 13C-enriched dry matter (13C-DM), neutral detergent fibre (13C-NDF) and Cr-NDF were established, and a nonlinear multicompartmental model was used to determine their rumen passage kinetics. In addition, the 13C-enriched silages were incubated in rumen liquid in an in vitro batch culture system at different time intervals to determine the effect of fermentation on 13C-enrichment in the residue. The in vitro study showed that the 13C : 12C ratios in DM and NDF residues remained stable from 24 h of incubation onwards. In addition, in vitro fractional degradation rates for 12C in the DM and NDF did not differ from those of 13C, indicating that fermentative degradation does not affect the 13C : 12C ratio in the DM nor in the NDF fraction of the residue. Model fits to the faecal excretion curves showed a significant difference in fractional rumen passage rates between Cr-NDF, 13C-DM and 13C-NDF (P ⩽ 0.025). Silage type had no clear effect on rumen passage kinetics (P ⩾ 0.081). Moreover, it showed that peak enrichments for 13C-DM and 13C-NDF in faeces were reached at 30.7 and 41.7 h post dosing, respectively. This is well after the time (24 h) when the 13C : 12C ratios of the in vitro unfermented residues have reached stable enrichment level. Fractional rate constants for particle passage from the rumen are estimated from the descending slope of faecal excretion curves. The present study shows that the decline in 13C : 12C ratio after peak enrichment is not affected by fermentative degradation and therefore can be used to assess feed component-specific fractional passage rates.

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confidence: 99%

δ13C as a marker to study digesta passage kinetics in ruminants: a combined in vivo and in vitro study

Pellikaan

Verstegen

Tamminga

et al. 2013

Animal

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“…Surprisingly, there were no significant differences found in groups G and GU in this experiment. The effect of heat treatment on degradability of crude protein was also verified by GOELEMA et al (1998), who found a significant increase of undegraded protein content in an extruded pea diet. BENCHAAR et al (1994) reported improved availability of amino acids in the small intestine in heat-treated beans compared to untreated bean ones.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…Peas can also be technologically engineered to reduce anti-nutritional content. The most common technological treatment of peas is based on high temperatures and pressure (extrusion), which reduce anti-nutritional content and increase the amount of undegradable protein (LOSAND et al, 2003;GOELEMA et al 1998;PETIT et al 1997). BENCHAAR et al (1994) found that heat-treated peas improve availability of amino acids in the small intestine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of performance and metabolism of dairy cows fed pea seeds (<i>Pisum sativum</i>) with different anti-nutritional content

et al. 2008

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The aim of this study is to determine the effect produced by selected pea cultivars with different anti-nutritional content on dairy cows' metabolism. In the current ninety-day present, 32 dairy cows were divided into four groups (Z, G, GU and C). Three experimental groups (Z, G and GU) were fed a production mixture consisting of 25% pea seeds and the following: (Z -Zekon cultivar with low anti-nutritional content; G -Gotik cultivar with high antinutritional content; and GU -Gotik cultivar whose anti-nutritional content was reduced technologically). The control group was fed the production mixture with a higher proportion of extracted soybean meal and grain meal. Feeding rations were balanced to have an analogical composition of crude protein and energy. Feeding the pea supplement did not affect energy metabolism of the dairy cows. As for nitrogen metabolism, group Z showed higher concentrations of ammonia in rumen fluid and urea in blood compared to groups GU and C. No animal from the experimental groups showed reduced intake of feed. An insignificantly lower performance was noted (daily milk yield, protein production and lactose production) in group G. Overall, better results were observed in group Z. On the basis of the current study, peas can be used as an alternative source of proteins and energy in the diet of dairy cattle.

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“…It should be noted that the rate of gas production reflects fermentation of the organic matter (OM) present, not solely the starch fraction. The size of the washout fraction in combination with the assumptions on its degradation rate strongly influence the effective in situ rumen degradation (effective degradation (ED)) of starch in feed ingredients (Offner et al, 2003;Huhtanen and Sveinbjörnsson, 2006) and the evaluation of the effects of expansion, extrusion and toasting on in situ starch degradation (Goelema et al, 1998;Offner et al, 2003). Significant relationships with in vivo ruminal starch degradability have been found for both in situ measurements and in vitro approaches based on incubation with rumen fluid followed by determination of starch in the residue, with a stronger correlation for in situ than for in vitro estimates (r = 0.84 and r = 0.76; Weisbjerg et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of the in situ degradation of the washout fraction of starch by using a modified in situ protocol and in vitro measurements

Jonge

Laar

Dijkstra

2015

Animal

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The in situ degradation of the washout fraction of starch in six feed ingredients (i.e. barley, faba beans, maize, oats, peas and wheat) was studied by using a modified in situ protocol and in vitro measurements. In comparison with the washing machine method, the modified protocol comprises a milder rinsing method to reduce particulate loss during rinsing. The modified method markedly reduced the average washout fraction of starch in these products from 0.333 to 0.042 g/g. Applying the modified rinsing method, the fractional degradation rate ( k d ) of starch in barley, oats and wheat decreased from on average 0.327 to 0.144 h −1 whereas for faba beans, peas and maize no differences in k d were observed compared with the traditional washing machine rinsing. For barley, maize and wheat, the difference in non-fermented starch in the residue between both rinsing methods during the first 4 h of incubation increased, which indicates secondary particle loss. The average effective degradation of starch decreased from 0.761 to 0.572 g/g when using the new rinsing method and to 0.494 g/g when applying a correction for particulate matter loss during incubation. The in vitro k d of starch in the non-washout fraction did not differ from that in the total product. The calculated ratio between the k d of starch in the washout and non-washout fraction was on average 1.59 and varied between 0.96 for oats and 2.39 for maize. The fractional rate of gas production was significantly different between the total product and the non-washout fraction. For all products, except oats, this rate of gas production was larger for the total product compared with the non-washout fraction whereas for oats the opposite was observed. The rate of increase in gas production was, especially for grains, strongly correlated with the in vitro k d of starch. The results of the present study do not support the assumption used in several feed evaluation systems that the degradation of the washout fraction of starch in the rumen is much faster than that of the non-washout fraction.Keywords: particulate matter loss, in situ protocol, in vitro, rumen degradability, starch ImplicationThis study showed that the fractional degradation rate (k d ) of starch of the washout fraction was lower than generally assumed. In addition, the rinsing method affected the k d caused by particulate matter loss. The effect of both observations on the effective degradation of starch varied between feed ingredients, and can therefore change the ranking in nutritive value.

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Effect of pressure toasting on the rumen degradability and intestinal digestibility of whole and broken peas, lupins and faba beans and a mixture of these feedstuffs

Cited by 114 publications

References 42 publications

δ13C as a marker to study digesta passage kinetics in ruminants: a combined in vivo and in vitro study

δ13C as a marker to study digesta passage kinetics in ruminants: a combined in vivo and in vitro study

Evaluation of performance and metabolism of dairy cows fed pea seeds (<i>Pisum sativum</i>) with different anti-nutritional content

Estimation of the in situ degradation of the washout fraction of starch by using a modified in situ protocol and in vitro measurements

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Effect of pressure toasting on the rumen degradability and intestinal digestibility of whole and broken peas, lupins and faba beans and a mixture of these feedstuffs

Cited by 114 publications

References 42 publications

δ13C as a marker to study digesta passage kinetics in ruminants: a combined in vivo and in vitro study

δ13C as a marker to study digesta passage kinetics in ruminants: a combined in vivo and in vitro study

Evaluation of performance and metabolism of dairy cows fed pea seeds (&lt;i&gt;Pisum sativum&lt;/i&gt;) with different anti-nutritional content

Estimation of the in situ degradation of the washout fraction of starch by using a modified in situ protocol and in vitro measurements

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Evaluation of performance and metabolism of dairy cows fed pea seeds (<i>Pisum sativum</i>) with different anti-nutritional content