Effect of Phytohormones and Other Dormancy Breaking Chemicals on Seed Germination of Inula racemosa Hook F. – A Critically Endangered Medicinal Plant of North Western Himalaya

Abstract

Inula racemosa Hook. f. is commonly called Pushkarmool, belongs to family Asteraceae. The plant is distributed in temperate alpine Himalayas at an altitude of 1,500-4,200m from Kashmir to Kumaon, Afghanistan to Central Nepal. Pushkarmool is commercially a very important medicinal plant of the North Western Himalayas. The plant is used in Ayurveda as an expectorant, rejuvenator and immune modulator. Root powder is reportedly hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic in human subjects. The species is critically endangered because of the fragile nature of its habitat, habitat destruction, illegal harvesting from the wild source, high market demand and destructive harvesting practices. The objective of the present study was to develop effective pre-sowing treatments to improve the seed germination, and to reduce mean germination time, so that protocols for commercial production of the plant could be developed and natural populations restored to ensure proper conservation of the species. In the present study phytohormones and other seed dormancy breaking chemicals were used to investigate their effect on seed germination. The results revealed highest mean percentage of germination in chilling treatment Ch 1 (30 day chilled seeds) followed by treatment GA 3 1 (Gibbrellic acid, 10 -3 M) in almost all day intervals, barring 16 th day interval where highest mean percentage of germination was observed in chilling treatment Ch 2 (40 day chilled seeds) and least was observed in Com. 1 and control treatments. On 30 th day, the highest mean percentage of germination ± SE (82±1.15) was observed in treatment Ch 1 followed by GA 3 1 (79±1.73) and least (24±1.15) was observed in treatment Com .4 (H 2 SO 4 /NAA2). However, no germination was observed treatments K 1 (Potassium nitrate, 0.2 %,) and K 2 (Potassium nitrate, 0.3 %). Treatment S 1 (Acid scarification for 1 min.) with mean percentage of germination ± SE (31±1.15) was at par with treatment Com 2 (H 2 SO 4 /GA 3 2), but was statistically different from all other treatments. All the treatments were statistically significant. On 28 th day, the highest mean percentage of germination ± SE (82±1.15) was observed in treatment Ch 1 followed by Ch 2 (78±1.15) and GA 3 1 (74±1.15) least (23±1.15) was observed in treatment Com .4. From day 14 th to day 26 th , treatments GA 3 1 and GA 3 2 (Gibbrellic acid, 10 -4 M) were statistically different from each other as well as from the rest of all other treatments. From day 6 th to day 18 th , treatments NAA1 (Naphthalene acetic acid, 25 ppm) and NAA2 (Naphthalene acetic acid, 50 ppm) were at par with each other, but from day interval of 20 th to 26 th these treatments were statistically different from each other. Treatments were statistically significant on all day intervals. The germination study gives an insight into the measures to be taken to increase the efficiency of seed germination to ensure the conservation of the endangered species.

Effects of Organic Inputs on Soil Health with Special Reference to Potash Management

“…A slight increase in soil organic matter can enhance the CEC of the soil to a great extent. The increase in CEC, as a result of incorporation of organic manures into the soil has also been reported by several workers [23][24][25][26]3,27].…”

“…Potassium is the third most essential macronutrient, followed by nitrogen and phosphorus [1][2][3][4]. It plays a crucial role in plant metabolism, such as photosynthesis, translocation of photosynthates, regulation of stomata, activation of plant enzymes and imparts resistance in plant against pest and diseases [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

Management of spot blotch of barley through different dates of sowing and chemical and organic amendments

“…Outcome of the experiment suggested that mid November sowing had greater potential of plant disease control (17.86%) compared to mid December sowing with plant disease control value of only 15.1%. The significance of date of sowing on leaf blight score was also reported through earlier workers (Bhat et al, 2011;Wani et al, 2018b;Bano et al, 2021;Padder et al, 2021) studied the effect of spot blotch disease severity and reported that early sown crop was less affected by spot blotch than late sown crop. Singh et al (Wani et al, 2018a;Padder et al, 2022) also reported less spot blotch severity in early sown crop than late sown crop.…”

Potassium Management for Improving Mash Grain Yield in a Field Experiment at Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur

“…Nutrient imbalance is one of the constraints affecting the productivity of pulses. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers are generally applied but K fertilizer is often ignored by farmers particularly in Asia" [1][2][3][4][5]. Along with nitrogen and phosphorus, potassium is one of the three essential macronutrients, required by plants in relatively large amounts.…”