“…Much better outcomes in DR and RP can thus be expected if antioxidant therapy is started before gross changes are evident. However, testing the effectiveness of an antioxidant against rod oxidative stress has mostly relied on post-mortem studies and/or observing improvements in animal models following (often pleiotropic) anti-oxidant therapy (Berkowitz et al, 2007c(Berkowitz et al, , 2012a(Berkowitz et al, , 2009bCampochiaro et al, 2015;Du et al, 2013Du et al, , 2015Fukuda et al, 2014;Galbinur et al, 2009;Jaliffa et al, 2009;Komeima et al, 2006;Rohrer et al, 2004;Sanz et al, 2007;Usui et al, 2009a;Yang et al, 2007;Zeng et al, 2014;Zheng et al, 2007). Such approaches i) are often unable to determine whether oxidative stress in rod cells per se has been corrected, and ii) are not useful for examining the same animal over time or for examining rod cell oxidative stress in patients.…”