Information on the effects of phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) applications on crop response and soil-P status of two-row malt barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under high-input conditions are limited in alkaline soils despite widespread fertilizer-P and-S use. A field study was conducted during the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons where the barley cultivars (ABI-Voyager and Moravian 69) were grown at five rates of P (0, 37, 73, 110, and 147 kg P ha À1) and three rates of S (0, 112, 224 kg S ha À1). ABI-Voyager had significantly greater biological yield (17,023 kg ha À1) and grain yield (7433 kg ha À1) but a lower (44%) harvest index (HI) than Moravian 69 (15,037 kg ha À1 , 7168 kg ha À1 and 49%, respectively). Grain yield increased with rate of P-application until 37 kg P ha À1 where the maximum calculated yield was obtained at 98 kg P ha À1 by a quadratic model. Sulfur application had no significant effect on any of the measured crop or soil parameters. Olsen P increased linearly with greater fertilizer-P applications, indicating grain-P removal was not sufficient to reduce or retain STP concentrations at initial levels when P was applied. Crop-P uptake and soil-P response to fertilizer P applications are important, as remaining soil P is available for subsequent crop usage and may have potential negative environmental impacts. Thus, cultivar selection and appropriate fertilizer-P and S management will ensure optimal agronomic and economic returns while minimizing potentially negative environmental impacts for two-row malt barley produced in the western United States.