Effect of Nano-Montmorillonite on Osteoblast Differentiation, Mineral Density, and Osteoclast Differentiation in Bone Formation

Abstract

Calcium-type montmorillonite, a phyllosilicate mineral, has diverse health benefits when introduced into the gastrointestinal tract or applied to the skin. However, the predominant use of this layered material has thus far been in traditional industries, despite its potential application in the pharmaceutical industry. We investigated the effects and mechanism of nano-montmorillonite (NM) on osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation in vivo and in vitro. We examined the osteogenic effects of NM with high calcium content (3.66 wt%) on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineralization, bone microarchitecture, and expression level of osteoblast and osteoclast related genes in Ca-deficient ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Micro-computed tomography of OVX rats revealed that NM attenuated the low-Ca-associated changes in trabecular and cortical bone mineral density. It improved ALP activity and mineralization, as well as the expression of osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation associated genes. NM also activated the expression of runt-related transcription factor 2, osteocalcin, bone morphogenetic protein 2, and type 1 collagen via phosphorylated small mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1/5/8 signaling. Further, NM repressed the expression of receptor activator for cathepsin K, nuclear factor kappa-B ligand and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Therefore, NM inhibits osteoclastogenesis, stimulates osteoblastogenesis, and alleviates osteoporosis.

Developing a novel calcium magnesium silicate/graphene oxide incorporated silk fibroin porous scaffold with enhanced osteogenesis, angiogenesis and inhibited osteoclastogenesis

“…Besides, the amount of CAK protein in CMS/GO/SF was remarkably lower than in CMS/SF group. These results should be assumed as Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Si 4+ released from CMS resulted in the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis, which was identical to previously reported results [43,45]. It has been proved that magnesium deficiency could increase the generation of osteoclasts [46].…”

Progress in Montmorillonite Functionalized Artificial Bone Scaffolds: Intercalation and Interlocking, Nanoenhancement, and Controlled Drug Release

“…Kundu et al [129] found that the addition of MMT significantly increased the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Kim et al [130] studied the effect and mechanism of nano-MMT on the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vivo and in vitro. On the one hand, nano-MMT improves the activity of ALP and the expression of related genes in osteoblasts, thereby stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts.…”

Applications of Calcium-Based Nanomaterials in Osteoporosis Treatment

“…Various preparation methods allow for the construction of different forms of antiosteoporotic CBNMs. The preparation methods discussed here include coprecipitation, ,,,− ,,,− sol–gel, ,− ,,− ,− hydrothermal, ,,, electrochemical deposition, ,, electrostatic spray deposition, vapor diffusion, sonochemical synthesis, and physical crushing. − Each preparation method has unique advantages and is accordingly suitable for the preparation of specific forms of CBNMs. The physicochemical properties of CBNMs prepared by different methods are summarized in Table .…”

“…Another unique application of CBNMs is in calcium supplements, a basic nutritional supplement for the nonpharmacological management of osteoporosis. ,− Calcium supplements often need to be taken in high daily doses, so the choice of calcium source is very important. ,− Osteoclast activation is usually associated with phosphate radicals, resulting in the formation of a local acidic microenvironment at bone resorption lacunae. CaC is therefore commonly chosen as a calcium supplement to avoid excessive phosphate intake. , Furthermore, nanotechnology can be used to improve the oral bioavailability of minerals due to the increase in dissolution rate as the particle size decreases .…”