“…Forward genetic screens conducted in zebrafish have linked iars1, sars1, and tars1 variants to defects in angiogenesis during development, which can also be induced through morpholino knockdown of the respective genes ( Jin et al, 2007 ; Fukui et al, 2009 ; Herzog et al, 2009 ; Cao et al, 2016 ; Castranova et al, 2016 ; Wang K et al, 2018 ), but not through general inhibition of protein synthesis ( Fukui et al, 2009 ; Herzog et al, 2009 ; Xu et al, 2012 ; Cao et al, 2016 ). Pro- and anti-angiogenic effects of TyrRS and TrpRS splice variants via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways have also been demonstrated in vivo in rats and rhesus monkeys ( Wang et al, 2016 ; Zeng et al, 2016 ). Additionally, a Wars2 variant identified through linkage analysis impairs cardiac angiogenesis in rats, and wars2 knockdown in zebrafish causes similar vascularization defects ( Wang et al, 2016 ).…”