Effect of Milling Equipment on the Level of Heavy Metal Content of Foodstuff

Oniya, Ebenezer O.; Olubi, Omodele E.; Ayodeji, Ibitoye,; Agbi, James Ibitoye; Agbeni, Samuel K.; Faweya, E. B.

doi:10.9734/psij/2018/42572

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…According to a case study in the Jin-Qu Basin of China, heavy metal contamination in the field was attributed to rice's efficient assimilation of heavy metals from soils (Guo et al, 2020). Milling equipment and method of milling have been reported to determine the concentration of heavy metals introduced into food (Oniya et al, 2018, Adu et al, 2020. The level of education was the unique predictor that influenced the knowledge of food handlers towards heavy metal contamination.…”

Section: Knowledge Attitude and Practices Of Food Handlers On Heavy M...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Food Safety Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Food Handlers along the Rice Value Chain of Uganda

Namubiru¹,

Male²,

Mukisa³

et al. 2022

JFI

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Food handlers play a critical role in controlling food contamination from “farm to fork”. Therefore, inadequate knowledge, poor attitudes and improper practices by food handlers pose a serious challenge to food safety. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of food handlers along the rice value chain of Uganda with the view of understanding factors that influence contamination of rice with aflatoxins, heavy metals and pesticides. A cross-sectional study, using a structured questionnaire through face-to-face interviews with 252 respondents was conducted in Butaleja, Gulu, Hoima, Kampala, Mutukula, Mbale and Mbarara districts. Categorical data was expressed as frequencies and percentages. The unique predictors of the KAP of rice handlers were defined using multivariate linear regression analysis. About 221 (87.7%) food handlers knew about the occurrence and causes of aflatoxins contamination in rice. Changes in colour (81.7%) and a musty smell (82.9%) were perceived to indicate the presence of aflatoxins. The main pre- and post-harvest aflatoxin preventative practices identified were growing resistant rice varieties (82.9%) and proper drying (79.8%). Food handlers were generally not knowledgeable (73.4%) about heavy metal contamination in rice. All food handlers used pesticides; however, 68.3% had never received formal training in pesticide use. Majority (86.1%) of food handlers were aware of the harmful effects of pesticides but on the contrary, this did not significantly change their practices towards safe pesticide use. At multivariate level, education was the unique predictor for aflatoxins and heavy metal contamination. Pesticide contamination was mainly influenced by district of residence. Therefore, appropriate educational programs organized to train food handlers can promote food safety in the rice value chain of Uganda. Interventions by regulatory agencies to strengthen enforcement of laws related to contaminants through regular surveillance at the farm and retail outlets are necessary to ensure compliance by food handlers.

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Section: Knowledge Attitude and Practices Of Food Handlers On Heavy M...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Food Safety Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Food Handlers along the Rice Value Chain of Uganda

Namubiru¹,

Male²,

Mukisa³

et al. 2022

JFI

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“…Friction force where compression and shear forces are applied enables grinding of the grains. The metallic disks of the attrition mill manufactured by the foundry industry in Ghana are usually nonalloyed, made from gray cast iron (Kwofie et al., 2011; Oniya et al., 2018). Studies conducted on heavy metal contamination in milled grains have related the levels of these chemicals to the milling process, that is, leaching of heavy metals like iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) from the metallic disks into the flour produced (Adeti, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification and health risk assessment of heavy metals in milled maize and millet in the Tolon District, Northern Ghana

Larsen

Cobbina

Ofori

et al. 2020

Food Science & Nutrition

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This study was conducted to quantify the levels and measure the health risk of selected heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Pb, Mn, Cr, Ni) in milled millet and maize from 10 communities in the Tolon District, northern region of Ghana. Control samples of maize and millet were also prepared in order to identify whether the sources of the heavy metals were limited to the milling process or otherwise. The heavy metals present in the collected milled samples were quantified using an AAS Varian Spectra 220 FS. The average concentrations of the selected heavy metals in the milled maize samples were the following: Fe = 1.3392 ± 0.4341 mg/kg, Ni = 0.9502 ± 0.2696 mg/kg, Pb = 2.2177 ± 0.0534 mg/kg, Cr = 0.4359 ± 0.3574 mg/kg, Zn = 0.6809 ± 0.0534 mg/kg, and Mn = 0.3550 ± 0.1042 mg/kg. Milled millet samples recorded mean concentration of the heavy metals as Fe = 1.9467 ± 1.0597 mg/kg, Ni = 0.9520 ± 0.1218 mg/kg, Pb = 2.2780 ± 0.0221 mg/kg, Cr = 0.3421 ± 0.1498 mg/kg, Zn = 0.8540 ± 0.1139 mg/kg, and Mn = 0.4241 ± 0.0859 mg/kg. All selected heavy metals concentrations were below standards in food except Pb. Locally made mill plates were found to leach heavy metals in the milled flours due to the direct contact of the grains with the mill plates. However, the comparison of milled to pounded flour (control samples) indicated other potential sources of heavy metals aside from the disk attrition mill. The health risk assessment revealed no potential hazards nor cancer risk in both children and adults.

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“…Oniya et al. [ 19 ], described the Cr level in the samples as above the recommended limit of 2.3 (mg/kg). The mean Cr concentration for the different bread ranged from 0.34 to 2.7 mg/kg.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ni concentration range was 0.018–0.91 mg/kg and the concentration of Cu is within a range of 1.0–8.1 mg/kg in flour. But several studies have shown Ni concentrations less than 1 mg/kg [ 3 , 19 ]. In Ekholm et al.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential toxic elements (PTEs) concentration in wheat and flour products in Iran: A probabilistic risk assessment

Pirhadi

Alikord

Tajdar-Oranj

et al. 2022

Heliyon

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Effect of Milling Equipment on the Level of Heavy Metal Content of Foodstuff

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Food Safety Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Food Handlers along the Rice Value Chain of Uganda

Food Safety Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Food Handlers along the Rice Value Chain of Uganda

Quantification and health risk assessment of heavy metals in milled maize and millet in the Tolon District, Northern Ghana

Potential toxic elements (PTEs) concentration in wheat and flour products in Iran: A probabilistic risk assessment

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