Effect of microbial phytase on phytate P degradation and apparent digestibility of total P and Ca throughout the gastrointestinal tract of the growing pig1

Abstract

The effect of a dietary microbial phytase on mineral digestibility throughout the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of the growing pig was studied. Thirty-two entire male pigs (~22 kg BW) were allocated equally to 4 corn-soybean meal diets. One diet was adequate in total P and Ca, the second diet was deficient in total P and Ca (low-P diet), and the third and fourth diets were the low-P diet with microbial phytase added at 1,107 U/kg or 2,215 U/kg, respectively. Titanium dioxide (3 g/kg) was included in the diets as an indigestible marker. The pigs were fed their respective diets for 42 d. Fecal samples were collected from d 38 to 41 and stomach chyme, terminal jejunal, and terminal ileal digesta samples were collected after euthanasia on d 42. Phytate P degradability and apparent total P and Ca digestibility were determined at the gastric, jejunal, ileal, and total tract levels. Phytate P degradation and apparent total P and Ca digestibility were not significantly different between the 2 microbial phytase inclusion levels. Across both microbial phytase-low-P diets, phytase supplementation increased (P < 0.05) phytate P degradability at the jejunal, ileal, and total tract levels by 101%, 77%, and 10%, respectively, but not at the gastric level. Total tract phytate P degradation was greater (P < 0.05) than ileal phytate P degradation for both the unsupplemented (52% units greater) and phytase-supplemented, low-P (26% units greater) diets. The latter result was not reflected by the apparent total P digestibility estimate, which was not significantly different between the ileal and total tract levels for both the unsupplemented and phytase-supplemented, low-P diets. Consequently, there appeared to be considerable phytate degradation in the hindgut, presumably due to the action of hindgut microbes, but the phytate P released in the hindgut did not appear to be absorbed. Apparent Ca digestibility was not significantly different among jejunal, ileal, and total tract levels for any of the dietary treatments, but apparent Ca digestibility was greater (P< 0.05) for the phytase-supplemented diets compared with the unsupplemented diets. Overall, dietary microbial phytase supplementation led to greater phytate degradation to the end of the jejunum. Because the phytate P released in the hindgut was not absorbed, ileal estimates, rather than total tract estimates, of phytate degradation appear to more accurately reflect P availability.

Effects of phytase on pig diets digestibilities, bone mineral deposition, performance and manure production

“…By contrast, the improvement in Ca availability found in this study is in accordance with the results found in many studies (BRAÑA et al, 2006;GUGGENBUHL et al, 2007;KIES et al, 2006;KIM et al, 2005KIM et al, , 2008POULSEN et al, 2010a;KAY, 2007;ALMEIDA et al, 2013;MADRID et al, 2013;FÁVERO et al, 2014;RUTHERFURD et al, 2014;KAHINDI et al, 2015), which show that phytase can effectively improve not only P availability but also Ca availability.…”

“…In addition, part of the Ca complexed by the phytate molecule was liberated and available for the animals. These results confirms the efficacy of phytase in improving P and Ca availabilities and are in accordance with the findings of several researchers (KIM et al, 2005;BRAÑA et al, 2006;KIES et al, 2006;NYACHOTI et al, 2006;GUGGENBUHL et al, 2007;HTOO et al, 2007;POULSEN et al, 2007;MOEHN et al, 2007;KAY, 2007;KIM et al, 2008;POMAR et al, 2008;HILL et al, 2009;POULSEN et al, 2010aPOULSEN et al, , 2010bATAKORA et al, 2011;ALMEIDA et al, 2013;MADRID et al, 2013;FÁVERO et al, 2014;RUTHERFURD et al, 2014;KAHINDI et al, 2015) who verified improvements of P availability from 4.1% to greater than 100% with phytase addition in pig diets. This great range in P availability improvement is a consequence of differences in the design of the mentioned studies, such as the use of different feed ingredients, different phytase levels or activities, use of other enzymes in combination with phytase and diets with different nutrient levels.…”

“…As the PHY diet had less P, Ca, metabolizable energy and crude protein contents than the PC diet, it is possible to affirm that phytase supplementation permitted a better use of the diet nutrients by the animals. The results found in this study are similar to the results verified by Braña et al (2006); Kies et al (2006);and Sands and Kay (2007), who did not observe differences in the performance of pigs fed a control diet, which met the P and Ca requirements of the animals, or a diet with reduced contents of these minerals that was supplemented with phytase (500 FTU). Atakora et al (2011) fed growing gilts diets with reduced P and crude protein levels or a control diet that met the animal's requirements and also found no differences in pig performance.…”

Lactic Acid and Thermal Treatments Trigger the Hydrolysis of Myo-Inositol Hexakisphosphate and Modify the Abundance of Lower Myo-Inositol Phosphates in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

“…Because of the low availability of P in cereals for monogastric livestock species, a range of feed processing techniques has been applied to reduce their InsP 6 concentration. Yet, in the feeding of monogastric livestock species such as swine and poultry, processing techniques used to increase P availability of feeds are often restricted to microbial phytase supplementation [8], [32]. Our data indicated that treatment of barley grain with LA and LA-H was able to decrease the InsP 6 concentration and thus potentially increase P availability in barley.…”

Phytase in non‐ruminant animal nutrition: a critical review on phytase activities in the gastrointestinal tract and influencing factors

“…estimated that in growing/finishing pigs fed a corn–SBM‐based diet supplementation of 900 FTU A. niger phytase degraded about 38% phytate. Rutherfurd et al . reported that addition of 1000 and 2000 FTU kg −1 of a Citrobacter braakii phytase to a pig diet resulted in increased ileal phytate degradation by 29 and 32 percentage points, respectively, compared to a negative control.…”