Effect of mechanical grinding of pitch-based carbon fibers and graphite on their electrochemical sodium insertion properties

Hard Carbon Originated from Polyvinyl Chloride Nanofibers As High-Performance Anode Material for Na-Ion Battery

“…All the data above are consistent with the SEM observations results, namely, have the same variation tendency. Thus, it is expected that the small particle size of EP-700 is suitable to enlarge the contact area between electrode and electrolyte, and shorten the diffusion path lengths for Na + [18,20,21] , predicting the improvement potentials of electrochemical performance. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59...…”

“…2. As the temperature increases to 700 o C, the hard carbon EP-700 achieves better graphitization, more uniform morphology, differences among micro-pores and more interaction of sodium with heteroelements [14,15,20] (e.g. H or O).…”

A review of carbon materials and their composites with alloy metals for sodium ion battery anodes

“…The sodium uptake increases when the structure is less graphitized pointing out that the electrochemical performances of carbonaceous materials still depend on size of the particles. Billiard's group later advanced their work by demonstrating sodium ion intercalation in pitch-based carbon fibres and graphite via ball-milling [89]. The mechanical milling appeared to be an attractive technique to enhance the ability of graphite in storing sodium.…”

Sulfur covalently bonded graphene with large capacity and high rate for high-performance sodium-ion batteries anodes

“…Many other carbon materials such as petroleum cokes [24][25][26], carbon black [27], template carbon [28], and hard carbon [29] have also been reported, however, the capacity and rate capability of SIBs anode are still hardly comparable to that of LIBs. It is widely accepted that the sodium insertion mechanism strongly depends on the size, the graphitization degree, the structure or textural disorder, and the porosity [30]. In this context, developing novel carbon-based anode materials with high reversible capacity and rate capability is still challenging and urgently needed.…”