Abstract:Magnetically responsive fluid based on polymers of natural rubber (NR-latex) involves a magnetic compound fluid (MCF) rubber liquid. For a wide range of engineering applications of suspensions or liquids with particles, their electrical characteristics of fluidic suspensions are investigated to obtain useful results that might be important in the study of devices, such as fluidic sensors and capacitors. The author of the present paper proposes that MCF rubber liquid can be produced by combining MCF and rubber … Show more
“…In the case of 0 mm, the magnetic field intensity was approximately 240 mT underneath the edge of the anode. At 15 mm, the magnetic field intensity was approximately 35 mT, as seen from the previous study [24]. Figure A3Change of the thickness of vulcanized MCF rubber via electrolytic polymerization with time.Regarding Figure A3, the change in the electric current flowing in the inner MCF rubber liquid with the applied voltage is shown in Figure A4.…”
Section: Figure A1supporting
confidence: 60%
“…The change of the electric current of the MCF rubber by compression has been elucidated in previous studies [1,2,3]. In addition, this has been theoretically explained in other studies [5,24]. The relationship between the transmitted probability T , which represents the electric current flowing in the MCF rubber and the thickness b , is shown in Figure A5a in the Appendix A.…”
Section: Stabilitymentioning
confidence: 70%
“…In the case of (2), the MCF rubber liquid should be taken into account because it is fundamental in the production of MCF rubber sensors. In the previous study, we experimentally investigated the influence of the aggregation of magnetic particles and rubber molecules of MCF rubber liquid on their electrical characteristics when a magnetic field was applied [24]. The application of a magnetic field to a container immersed in the MCF rubber liquid resulted in the aggregation of particles and molecules to sediment.…”
Section: Stabilitymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Mullins effect is induced by the inner deformation among the particles and molecules of the MCF rubber. MCF rubber was determined to exhibit the Mullins effect in previous studies [1,24]. Therefore, the instability related to the aforementioned (a) and (b) occurs, such as the alternation of increasing and decreasing voltage and electric current of the MCF rubber according to Equations (1)–(3).…”
Section: Stabilitymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Figure A3Change of the thickness of vulcanized MCF rubber via electrolytic polymerization with time.Regarding Figure A3, the change in the electric current flowing in the inner MCF rubber liquid with the applied voltage is shown in Figure A4. Figure A4Relation between electric current and voltage of MCF rubber liquid under electrolytic polymerization: ( a ) with stainless electrodes; ( b ) with copper electrodes.From the tunnel theory presented in previous studies [5,24], the relationship between the transmitted probability T and the thickness of nonconductive rubber among the metal and Fe 3 O 4 particles b is as shown in Figure A5a, and the relationship between the dimensionless capacitance C * of the MCF rubber liquid and the thickness b is shown in Figure A5b without the applied voltage V 0 .Figure A5Theoretical results based on tunnel theory from previous studies [5,24]; ( a ) transmitted probability; ( b ) dimensionless capacitance.From the relations presented in Equations (A1)–(A2), Equation (A3) can be obtained, where Q is the electric charge, I is the electric current, t represents time, and C is the capacitance:Q=ItQ=CVVt=ICIn the case of mixing liquids and powders, the reaction can be represented by Equations (A4)–(A5), which is called chemical doping. In general, there are two types of doping: chemical doping and electrochemical doping.…”
Expanding on our previous report, we investigate the stability of a magnetic compound fluid (MCF) rubber sensor that was developed for a variety of engineering applications. To stabilize this sensor, we proposed a novel combination technique that facilitates the addition of dimethylpolysiloxane (PDMS) to natural rubber (NR)-latex or chloroprene rubber (CR)-latex using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) by experimentally and theoretically investigating issues related to instability. This technique is one of several other novel combinations of diene and non-diene rubbers. Silicone oil or rubber with PDMS can be combined with NR-latex and CR-latex because of PVA’s emulsion polymerization behavior. In addition, owing to electrolytic polymerization based on the combination of PDMS and PVA, MCF rubber is highly porous and can be infiltrated in any liquid. Hence, the fabrication of novel intelligent rubbers using any intelligent fluid is feasible. By assembling infiltrated MCF rubber sheets and by conducting electrolytic polymerization of MCF rubber liquid with a hydrate using the adhesive technique as presented in a previous paper, it is possible to stabilize the MCF rubber sensor. This sensor is resistant to cold or hot water as well as γ-irradiation as shown in the previous report.
“…In the case of 0 mm, the magnetic field intensity was approximately 240 mT underneath the edge of the anode. At 15 mm, the magnetic field intensity was approximately 35 mT, as seen from the previous study [24]. Figure A3Change of the thickness of vulcanized MCF rubber via electrolytic polymerization with time.Regarding Figure A3, the change in the electric current flowing in the inner MCF rubber liquid with the applied voltage is shown in Figure A4.…”
Section: Figure A1supporting
confidence: 60%
“…The change of the electric current of the MCF rubber by compression has been elucidated in previous studies [1,2,3]. In addition, this has been theoretically explained in other studies [5,24]. The relationship between the transmitted probability T , which represents the electric current flowing in the MCF rubber and the thickness b , is shown in Figure A5a in the Appendix A.…”
Section: Stabilitymentioning
confidence: 70%
“…In the case of (2), the MCF rubber liquid should be taken into account because it is fundamental in the production of MCF rubber sensors. In the previous study, we experimentally investigated the influence of the aggregation of magnetic particles and rubber molecules of MCF rubber liquid on their electrical characteristics when a magnetic field was applied [24]. The application of a magnetic field to a container immersed in the MCF rubber liquid resulted in the aggregation of particles and molecules to sediment.…”
Section: Stabilitymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Mullins effect is induced by the inner deformation among the particles and molecules of the MCF rubber. MCF rubber was determined to exhibit the Mullins effect in previous studies [1,24]. Therefore, the instability related to the aforementioned (a) and (b) occurs, such as the alternation of increasing and decreasing voltage and electric current of the MCF rubber according to Equations (1)–(3).…”
Section: Stabilitymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Figure A3Change of the thickness of vulcanized MCF rubber via electrolytic polymerization with time.Regarding Figure A3, the change in the electric current flowing in the inner MCF rubber liquid with the applied voltage is shown in Figure A4. Figure A4Relation between electric current and voltage of MCF rubber liquid under electrolytic polymerization: ( a ) with stainless electrodes; ( b ) with copper electrodes.From the tunnel theory presented in previous studies [5,24], the relationship between the transmitted probability T and the thickness of nonconductive rubber among the metal and Fe 3 O 4 particles b is as shown in Figure A5a, and the relationship between the dimensionless capacitance C * of the MCF rubber liquid and the thickness b is shown in Figure A5b without the applied voltage V 0 .Figure A5Theoretical results based on tunnel theory from previous studies [5,24]; ( a ) transmitted probability; ( b ) dimensionless capacitance.From the relations presented in Equations (A1)–(A2), Equation (A3) can be obtained, where Q is the electric charge, I is the electric current, t represents time, and C is the capacitance:Q=ItQ=CVVt=ICIn the case of mixing liquids and powders, the reaction can be represented by Equations (A4)–(A5), which is called chemical doping. In general, there are two types of doping: chemical doping and electrochemical doping.…”
Expanding on our previous report, we investigate the stability of a magnetic compound fluid (MCF) rubber sensor that was developed for a variety of engineering applications. To stabilize this sensor, we proposed a novel combination technique that facilitates the addition of dimethylpolysiloxane (PDMS) to natural rubber (NR)-latex or chloroprene rubber (CR)-latex using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) by experimentally and theoretically investigating issues related to instability. This technique is one of several other novel combinations of diene and non-diene rubbers. Silicone oil or rubber with PDMS can be combined with NR-latex and CR-latex because of PVA’s emulsion polymerization behavior. In addition, owing to electrolytic polymerization based on the combination of PDMS and PVA, MCF rubber is highly porous and can be infiltrated in any liquid. Hence, the fabrication of novel intelligent rubbers using any intelligent fluid is feasible. By assembling infiltrated MCF rubber sheets and by conducting electrolytic polymerization of MCF rubber liquid with a hydrate using the adhesive technique as presented in a previous paper, it is possible to stabilize the MCF rubber sensor. This sensor is resistant to cold or hot water as well as γ-irradiation as shown in the previous report.
In this work we present a procedure for manufacturing an electrical device in the form of a quadrupolar electrical capacitor (QEC). The device is based on cotton fiber fabrics with carbonyl iron (CI) microparticles and self-adhesive copper foil, and surgical tape in the form of polyacrylic fiber fabrics, as element of consolidation and electrical insulation. By using an RLC electrical bridge, the equivalent electrical capacitance (C) and resistance (R) at the two gates of the QEC are measured as a function of magnetic flux density B. It is shown that both C and R have different values at the two gates and are sensitively influenced by the magnetic field. When 0 ≤ 0 B (mT) ≤100, the electrical response function at the two gates has a resistive character due to magnetostriction of CI microparticles in the QEC body. For fixed voltages at one of the gates, B-dependent voltages are measured at the other gate. The structure at the two gates are quantified in terms of fractal parameters obtained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The obtained characteristics shows that the obtained QEC can be used as a magnetic controllable resistor or as a magnetic field sensor for patients wearing pacemakers.
In this study, the productivity of the red watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) crop in arid regions with saline water is examined in relation to the effects of magnetic treatment of irrigation water. The greenhouse experiments compared two treatments (magnetic treatment of irrigation water) and (no magnetic treatment of irrigation water). Magnetic treatment device delta water with a power of 14500 gausses (1.45 T) that was delivered from the company professional hydraulic (CPH) was used for vegetative traits on growing periods and quantitative, qualitative, and chemical production characteristics at maturity. The leaf area and the number of seedlings treated with magnetic water (MW) increased significantly by 8.7 and 1.4%, respectively, compared to control seedlings. Leaf holder length also decreased. Except for plant height prior to branching, it also demonstrated a notable increase in stem characteristics. Magnetic water (MW) enhanced the yield characteristics (quantitative, qualitative, and chemical), resulting in increases in the number of fruits produced per plant 11.4%, fruit weight 2%, the weight of a kilogram of seeds, and yield, respectively with 0.34, 10.34 and 16.5% decrease in fruit peel thickness. Additionally, it revealed that the sugar content had increased by 15.4% and that the acidity and electrical conductivity (EC) had changed. By adding magnetic treatment to irrigation water, fruits ripen earlier and have better texture, traceability and homogeneity.
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