Effect of increased calcium consumption from fat-free milk in an energy-restricted diet on the metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomised cross-over clinical trial

Abstract

We investigated the effects of high-Ca fat-free milk phase (MD) (prescription of approximately 1500 mg of Ca/d) v. low-Ca phase (CD) (prescription of approximately 800 mg of Ca/d) in an energy-restricted diet on the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiometabolic measures in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and low habitual Ca consumption (<600 mg/d). In this randomised cross-over design, fourteen adults with T2DM (49·5 (sd 8·6) years, BMI 29·4 (sd 4·5) kg/m2) consumed either MD or CD for 12 weeks, with a washout of 18 weeks between phases. A breakfast shake containing 700 mg (MD) or 6·4 mg (CD) of Ca was consumed in the laboratory. In addition, energy-restricted diets were prescribed (800 mg of dietary Ca/d). Waist circumference (WC), fasting glucose, fasting TAG, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting total cholesterol, fasting LDL-cholesterol, fasting HDL-cholesterol, HDL:LDL ratio, HDL:TAG ratio and lipid accumulation product (LAP) index were assessed at baseline and after each phase. Ca consumption during the study was equivalent to 1200 mg/d during MD and 525 mg/d during CD. There was a greater reduction in WC, SBP, DBP and LAP index after MD compared with CD. HDL:LDL ratio increased and total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, SBP, DBP and LAP index decreased only in MD. The consumption of approximately 1200 mg of Ca/d (700 mg from fat-free milk+500mg from other dietary sources) associated with an energy-restricted diet decreased some of the MetS components and cardiometabolic measures in adults with T2DM.

Association of Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity Pattern with Dietary Factors among Adults in South Korea

“…Calcium and potassium are effective in blood pressure regulation, and prevent cardiovascular diseases and other health problems when combined with other essential nutrients (constituents of a varied diet) [ 41 , 42 ]. A higher consumption of calcium has been associated with beneficial effects on body weight [ 43 ], decreased waist circumference [ 44 ] and blood pressure [ 45 ]. Consistently, dietary intake of protein, calcium, potassium, and magnesium may mediate the blood-pressure-lowering effect [ 46 ].…”

The association between nutrient patterns and metabolic syndrome among Iranian adults: cross-sectional analysis of Shahedieh cohort study

“…In contrast, there is evidence indicating an inverse association between Ca; K and vitamins B 12 , B 2 , C and D with MetS (6,(44)(45)(46)(47) . In regard to Ca and MetS, there is a controversy; some studies presented a protective association, while others failed to find a significant association between dietary Ca intake and MetS (48,49) . The combination of nutrients with neutral (vitamins A and K), MetS-protecting (Ca, K and vitamins B 12 , B 2 , C and D) and MetS-inducing (SFA, TFA and dietary cholesterol) effects in NP2 made our interpretation complicated.…”

High calcium intake from fat-free milk, body composition and glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover clinical trial

“…Details of the present study design were described previously (24) . In short, subjects completed a randomised double-blinded, crossover clinical trial of two 12-week sessions separated by a washout period of 8 weeks.…”

“…Subjects commuted daily to the laboratory, where they consumed a breakfast shake containing 700 mg (HC) (equivalent to approximately three servings of fat-free milk) or 6•4 mg (LC) of Ca. A complete description of the nutritional composition of these shakes can be seen elsewhere (24) . All other meals were consumed in free-living condition in both sessions.…”

“…HC and LC shakes presented similar macronutrients, vitamin D, Na and dietary fibre contents, differing mainly in Ca content. Ingredients and nutrient composition of the two shakes have been published elsewhere (24) . HC shakes contained fat-free milk powder (Itambé® enriched with Fe; vitamins A, C and D; and Ca) reconstituted in water (250 ml).…”