Effect of ice quenching after oxidation with or without vacuum on the hardness of Pd–Ag–Au–In alloy during porcelain firing simulation

Shin, Hye-Jeong; Kwon, Yong Hoon; Seol, Hyo‐Joung

doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.03.006

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In the case of porcelain veneered on zirconia, the cooling rate after glazing affects the residual stress within the porcelain [ 9 ], and this has been reported as one of the causes of porcelain chipping in porcelain–zirconia restorations. In the case of metal–ceramic restorations, the hardness and microstructure of the metal substructure has been reported to depend on the cooling rate during sintering and glazing after veneering porcelain onto the metal substructure [ 11 , 12 ]. To fabricate monolithic zirconia prostheses, glazing is performed at a temperature somewhat lower than the temperature required for sintering porcelain veneer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cooling Rate during Glazing on the Mechanical and Optical Properties of Monolithic Zirconia with 3 mol% Yttria Content

Cho

Seol

2021

Materials

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Glazing is the final heat treatment process in the manufacturing of a monolithic zirconia prosthesis. Herein, the effect of cooling rate during zirconia glazing was investigated. A 3 mol% yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal was glazed at the general cooling rate suggested by the manufacturer, as well as at higher and lower cooling rates, and the differences in flexural strength, hardness, optical properties, and crystal structure were evaluated. A higher cooling rate did not affect the flexural strength, hardness, grain size, optical properties, or crystal structure; however, the Weibull modulus decreased by 1.3. A lower cooling rate did not affect the flexural strength, optical properties, or crystal structure; however, the Weibull characteristic strength increased by 26.7 MPa and the Weibull modulus increased by 0.9. The decrease in hardness and the increase in grain size were statistically significant; however, the numerical differences were negligible. This study revealed that a lower cooling rate provides more reliable flexural strength. Therefore, glazing can proceed at a general cooling rate, which takes 3–4 min; however, glazing at a lower cooling rate will provide a more consistent flexural strength if desired, despite being time-consuming.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cooling Rate during Glazing on the Mechanical and Optical Properties of Monolithic Zirconia with 3 mol% Yttria Content

Cho

Seol

2021

Materials

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“…From the above, it can be determined that oxidation followed by ice-quenching reduced the hardness temporarily without sacrificing the final hardness at both, the relatively high and low cooling rates (p < 0.05). In previous studies that used a single cooling rate, such a recovery of hardness was observed in Pd−Au and Pd−Cu alloys, as well as in Pd-Ag alloy [8,9,13]. In particular, in Pd−Cu alloys, the final hardness far exceeded that of the non-quenched alloy [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Thus, if the alloy is rapidly quenched in ice brine (ice-quenching, IQ) Metals 2021, 11, 680 2 of 13 in place of the normal cooling step after oxidation, the hardness can be lowered without performing an additional heat treatment. In previous studies, the hardness of Pd-based alloys was lowered by oxidation treatment followed by ice-quenching, and recovered thereafter as firing proceeded [8,9]. Therefore, ice-quenching after oxidation was thought to be effective in softening the alloy to enable easy trimming without sacrificing the final hardness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cooling Rate on Hardness and Phase Transformation of a Pd-Ag-Based Metal–Ceramic Alloy with or without Ice-Quenching

Shin

Kwon

Seol

2021

Metals

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cooling rate on the hardness and phase transformation of a Pd-Ag-based metal–ceramic alloy with or without ice-quenching. A total of 28 test specimens, in an as-cast state, were fabricated. A multiple firing simulation was performed on the randomly selected specimens (n = 3/group) in a porcelain furnace; each firing was followed by cooling at the relatively low or high cooling rate. In addition, ice-quenching after oxidation was introduced before the normal firing process (n = 3/group). Microhardness, microstructure, phase transformation and elemental distribution were observed. Oxidation followed by ice-quenching allowed the alloy to be in a homogenized state. On the other hand, the oxidation-treated specimens followed by cooling at relatively high or low cooling speeds showed much higher hardness than the ice-quenched specimen after oxidation, which was resulted from the formation of the metastable precipitates based on the InPd3 phase with tetragonal structure. The hardness of ice-quenched alloy after oxidation was recovered in the very next firing step at both the relatively high and low cooling rates. In all specimens, the Pd-rich matrix and the InPd3-based precipitates were observed. The hardness of a Pd-Ag-based metal–ceramic alloy with and without ice-quenching depended on the cooling rate during the firing process.

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Effect of cooling rate on hardness and microstructure of Pd–Ag–In–Sn−Ga alloy during porcelain firing simulation

Shin

Kwon

Seol

2020

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

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Effect of ice quenching after oxidation with or without vacuum on the hardness of Pd–Ag–Au–In alloy during porcelain firing simulation

Cited by 7 publications

References 19 publications

Effect of Cooling Rate during Glazing on the Mechanical and Optical Properties of Monolithic Zirconia with 3 mol% Yttria Content

Effect of Cooling Rate during Glazing on the Mechanical and Optical Properties of Monolithic Zirconia with 3 mol% Yttria Content

Effect of Cooling Rate on Hardness and Phase Transformation of a Pd-Ag-Based Metal–Ceramic Alloy with or without Ice-Quenching

Effect of cooling rate on hardness and microstructure of Pd–Ag–In–Sn−Ga alloy during porcelain firing simulation

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