Effect of high-concentrate corn grain diet-induced elevated ruminal lipopolysaccharide levels on dairy cow liver function

Abstract

A high-concentrate diet destroys gram-negative bacteria in the cattle rumen, leading to elevated ruminal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels. LPS causes liver inflammation through the hepatic portal vein but little is known about the effects of rumen-derived LPS on liver function and the reproductive organs. In this study, we determined the effect of increasing rumen fluid LPS levels on liver function and genital LPS levels. Cows were assigned to control (CON; n = 5) and highconcentrate diet (HC; n = 7) groups. We observed that the ruminal LPS and haptoglobin (Hp) levels were significantly higher and albumin levels were lower in the HC group than in the CON group. In the HC group, The Hp levels and aspartate transaminase (AST) activity were significantly higher and the total cholesterol levels were significantly lower after high-concentrate diet feeding than before feeding. No differences were observed in LPS levels in the peripheral veins, hepatic veins, hepatic portal vein, uterine perfusate, and follicular fluids between the groups. In all samples, the LPS level in the hepatic portal vein blood positively correlated with the AST activity and serum amyloid A level. In conclusion, our results indicate that high-concentrate diets do not have a direct effect on the reproductive organs upon a moderate ruminal LPS level increase. However, an increased ruminal LPS influx into the liver might affect negatively liver function.

Ameliorative effects of supranutritional selenium on TLR‐4‐NF‐kB‐TNF‐α‐mediated hepatic oxidative injury and inflammation in goats fed high concentrate diet

“…HC diet‐derived LPS elicits acute phase response (APR) by regulating the synthesis and secretion of acute phase proteins (APPs) in liver thus any fluctuation in their concentrations in the peripheral blood reflects the functional disturbance and inflammation of liver (Guo et al, 2017 ; He et al, 2019 ; Minuti et al, 2015 ). Many studies have reported that HC diets increased levels of positive APPs and decreased negative APPs in peripheral blood of ruminants (Chandra et al, 2018 ; Ohtaki et al, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2016 ) accompanied with alteration at transcriptional level in liver (Chishti et al, 2020 ; Li et al, 2019 ). Moreover, the modulation of hepatic APPs genes expressions in LPS‐challenged goats, sheep, and cattle (Cao et al, 2006 ; Jiang et al, 2008 ; Wang et al, 2017 ) indicate that HC diet induce hepatic inflammatory response through LPS translocated from GIT via portal vein (Chang, Zhang, Xu, Jin, Guo, et al, 2015 ; Chang, Zhang, Xu, Jin, Seyfert, et al, 2015 ).…”

“…The alteration in APPs levels in HC fed ruminants is found associated with changes in pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines levels in blood (Chang, Zhang, Xu, Jin, Seyfert, et al, 2015 ; Guo et al, 2017 ; Ohtaki et al, 2020 ). Concomitantly, we observed hepatic mRNA upregulation of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐10, and downregulation of IL‐13 in HC than in LC goats.…”

“…On interaction with hepatocytes, the LPS stimulate innate immunity through acute phase proteins (APPs) modulation; thus, the resultant fluctuation in blood APPs concentrations reflects the functional disturbance and inflammation of liver (Guo et al, 2017 ; Minuti et al, 2015 ). APPs including serum amyloid A (SAA), α‐acid glycoprotein (AGP), LPS‐binding protein (LBP), haptoglobin (Hp), and albumin (ALB) have been found to be modulated by HC feeding (Chishti et al, 2020 ; Li et al, 2019 ; Ohtaki et al, 2020 ). LBP is highly sensitive to LPS, and its plasma levels drastically raise up to 200% in goats fed HC diets and hence considered as reliable biomarker of systemic inflammation (Chang, Zhang, Xu, Jin, Seyfert, et al, 2015 ; Dong et al, 2013 ).…”

Changes in immune system and intestinal bacteria of cows during the transition period

“…High-energy diets have been shown to lower rumen pH and alter the composition of the intestinal microbiota. In addition, high energy diets have also been linked to increases in the amount of circulating LPS and LPS induced reductions in αβ T lymphocytes ( Klaudia & Alina, 2015 ; Ohtaki et al., 2020 ). Many researchers believe that high-energy feed should be considered as a background factor when evaluating immune function in cattle.…”

Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation and Inflammatory Response on Holstein Growing Cattle Treated with Low and High Non-Fibrous Carbohydrate to Neutral Detergent Fiber Ratio Pelleted Total Mixed Ration

“…Increasing concentrations of starch or dietary NFC can raise milk production in dairy cows and is favorable for use of energy and nitrogen in beef cattle output. However, excessive proportions of NFC/NDF may induce the risk of subclinical rumen acidosis, while a lower ratio of NFC/NDF may limit ruminant production performance [4,5]. Changing dietary roughage and concentrate contents is a common method to change dietary structure and nutrient level.…”