Effect of Effervescent Denture Cleansers on 3D Surface Roughness of Conventional Heat Polymerized, Subtractively, and Additively Manufactured Denture Base Resins: An In Vitro Study

Abstract

To compare the change in surface roughness of denture bases fabricated using three different techniques (additive manufacturing, subtractive manufacturing, and conventional heat-polymerizing) when immersed in two commonly available denture cleansers. Materials and methods: One hundred and seventeen disc-shaped denture base specimens (39/group), were fabricated by subtractive manufacturing (Wieland), additive manufacturing (NextDent Denture 3D+), and conventional heat-polymerizing (Meliodent) techniques, following the manufacturers' instructions. Specimens were randomly divided into 3 groups and immersed in two effervescent denture cleansing solutions and distilled water to simulate 180 days of denture cleansing. A 3D optical noncontact surface profilometer was used to record the surface roughness of the tested denture base materials before and after immersion. Two-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post hoc test, was used to assess the effects of denture cleansers on surface roughness of tested denture base resins. Results: When immersed in Fixodent and Fittydent effervescent denture cleansing solutions, the highest change in absolute surface roughness (∆Sa, in μm) was observed in additively manufactured denture base material (0.181 ±0.018 and 0.079 ±0.008), followed by heat-polymerized denture base material (0.149 ±0.012 and 0.059 ± 0.011), while subtractively manufactured denture base material showed the least change (0.110 ±0.026 and 0.038 ±0.007), respectively. There was a difference in the extent of change in surface roughness between the denture cleansers. The change in surface roughness was much higher with the Fixodent denture cleanser as compared to the Fittydent denture cleanser. Conclusion: Subtractively manufactured denture base resin displayed the lowest change while additively manufactured denture base resin displayed the highest change in surface roughness in both denture cleansers, but the extent of change in surface roughness was variable.

Impact of different chemical denture cleansers on the properties of digitally fabricated denture base resin materials

“…Moreover, the controlled manufacturing environment of the CAD‐CAM milled pucks enhances the material's structure through a higher degree of conversion and crosslinking and minimal residual monomer formation which results in more resistance to water penetration and chemical attacks 19,38 . Those findings are consistent with the results of Jain and Adawi 8 who reported that Ms displayed fewer changes in surface roughness when compared with 3DPs after immersion in peroxide CDCs.…”

Impact of different chemical denture cleansers on the properties of digitally fabricated denture base resin materials

“…Moreover, the controlled manufacturing environment of the CAD‐CAM milled pucks enhances the material's structure through a higher degree of conversion and crosslinking and minimal residual monomer formation which results in more resistance to water penetration and chemical attacks 19,38 . Those findings are consistent with the results of Jain and Adawi 8 who reported that Ms displayed fewer changes in surface roughness when compared with 3DPs after immersion in peroxide CDCs.…”

Long-term disinfection of 3D-printed denture resin: physical and biological in vitro assessments

“…Consistent with the present investigation, Elhagali et al [ 45 ] observed no clinically significant color change in 3D‑printed specimens immersed in 1% SH, despite the shorter immersion protocol (30 min). Such discrepancies may be attributed to variations in immersion protocols, color assessment standards, and the oxidative or cationic properties of the solutions, which can generate chromophores or degrade pigments in the polymer matrix [ 45 , 46 ].…”

Effect of Sugary Drinks and Denture Cleanser on Color Stability and Surface Roughness of 3D Printed and CAD–CAM Milled Denture Tooth Materials. An In Vitro Study

“…The amount of extrinsic stains that will get deposited on the surface of the specimen is associated with the degradation and solubility of its surface. [ 12 13 14 ]…”

“…[ 27 ] and Jain et al . [ 12 ] reported an increase in surface roughness when tested denture resins were exposed to denture cleansers. In contrast, studies by Ma et al .…”

Impact of different chemical denture cleansers on the properties of digitally fabricated denture base resin materials

“…Moreover, the controlled manufacturing environment of the CAD‐CAM milled pucks enhances the material's structure through a higher degree of conversion and crosslinking and minimal residual monomer formation which results in more resistance to water penetration and chemical attacks 19,38 . Those findings are consistent with the results of Jain and Adawi 8 who reported that Ms displayed fewer changes in surface roughness when compared with 3DPs after immersion in peroxide CDCs.…”

Long-term disinfection of 3D-printed denture resin: physical and biological in vitro assessments

“…Consistent with the present investigation, Elhagali et al [ 45 ] observed no clinically significant color change in 3D‑printed specimens immersed in 1% SH, despite the shorter immersion protocol (30 min). Such discrepancies may be attributed to variations in immersion protocols, color assessment standards, and the oxidative or cationic properties of the solutions, which can generate chromophores or degrade pigments in the polymer matrix [ 45 , 46 ].…”

Effect of Sugary Drinks and Denture Cleanser on Color Stability and Surface Roughness of 3D Printed and CAD–CAM Milled Denture Tooth Materials. An In Vitro Study

“…The amount of extrinsic stains that will get deposited on the surface of the specimen is associated with the degradation and solubility of its surface. [ 12 13 14 ]…”

“…[ 27 ] and Jain et al . [ 12 ] reported an increase in surface roughness when tested denture resins were exposed to denture cleansers. In contrast, studies by Ma et al .…”

Impact of different chemical denture cleansers on the properties of digitally fabricated denture base resin materials

“…Moreover, the controlled manufacturing environment of the CAD‐CAM milled pucks enhances the material's structure through a higher degree of conversion and crosslinking and minimal residual monomer formation which results in more resistance to water penetration and chemical attacks 19,38 . Those findings are consistent with the results of Jain and Adawi 8 who reported that Ms displayed fewer changes in surface roughness when compared with 3DPs after immersion in peroxide CDCs.…”

Long-term disinfection of 3D-printed denture resin: physical and biological in vitro assessments

“…Consistent with the present investigation, Elhagali et al [ 45 ] observed no clinically significant color change in 3D‑printed specimens immersed in 1% SH, despite the shorter immersion protocol (30 min). Such discrepancies may be attributed to variations in immersion protocols, color assessment standards, and the oxidative or cationic properties of the solutions, which can generate chromophores or degrade pigments in the polymer matrix [ 45 , 46 ].…”

Effect of Sugary Drinks and Denture Cleanser on Color Stability and Surface Roughness of 3D Printed and CAD–CAM Milled Denture Tooth Materials. An In Vitro Study

“…The amount of extrinsic stains that will get deposited on the surface of the specimen is associated with the degradation and solubility of its surface. [ 12 13 14 ]…”

“…[ 27 ] and Jain et al . [ 12 ] reported an increase in surface roughness when tested denture resins were exposed to denture cleansers. In contrast, studies by Ma et al .…”