Effect of Codonopsis lanceolata with Steamed and Fermented Process on Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice

Abstract

Codonopsis lanceolata (Campanulaceae) traditionally have been used as a tonic and to treat patients with lung abscesses. Recently, it was proposed that the extract and some compounds isolated from C. lanceolata reversed scopolamine-induced memory and learning deficits. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the improvement of cognitive enhancing effect of C. lanceolata by steam and fermentation process in scopolamine-induced memory impairment mice models by passive avoidance test and Morris water maze test. The extract of C. lanceolata or the extract of steamed and fermented C. lanceolata (SFCE) was orally administered to male mice at the doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight. As a result, mice treated with steamed and fermented C. lanceolata extract (SFCE) (300 mg/kg body weight, p.o.) showed shorter escape latencies than those with C. lanceolata extract or the scopolamine-administered group in Morris water maze test. Also, it exerted longer step-through latency time than scopolamine treated group in passive avoidance test. Furthermore, neuroprotective effect of SFCE on glutamate-induced cytotoxicity was assessed in HT22 cells. Only SFCE-treated cells showed significant protection at 500 μg/ml. Interestingly, steamed C. lanceolata with fermentation contained more phenolic acid including gallic acid and vanillic acid than original C. lanceolata. Collectively, these results suggest that steam and fermentation process of C. lanceolata increased cognitive enhancing activity related to the memory processes and neuroprotective effect than original C. lanceolata.

Cognitive‐Enhancing Effect of Steamed and Fermented Codonopsis lanceolata: A Behavioral and Biochemical Study

“…Recently, we verified that the fermented C. lanceolata ameliorated memory and learning impairment and the steamed and fermentation process significantly improved the cognitive recognition activity compared to original C. lanceolata [18–20]. In the present study, we modified the steamed and fermentation process for mass production of fermented C. lanceolata and confirmed the effect of fermented C. lanceolata on memory and learning impairment using scopolamine-induced memory deficits in the Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests.…”

“…The water maze test was performed as described in our previous study [18, 21]. The water maze consisted of a circular pool (90 cm diameter and 40 cm height) filled with water up to 30 cm and maintained at 20 ± 1°C and areas of the maze were defined as four equal quadrants.…”

The Effects of Loranthus parasiticus on Scopolamine‐Induced Memory Impairment in Mice

“…Morris water maze test was carried out as method previously described [9, 13]. The water maze was consisted of large circle pool and was filled to a depth of 30 cm with opaque water with white milk.…”

“…Passive avoidance test was performed according to previously described method [13, 14]. Passive avoidance apparatus consists of light compartments and dark compartments with an electrifiable grid floor.…”

Contribution of Biotechnological Tools in the Enhancement of Secondary Metabolites in Selected Medicinal Climbers

“…These saponins are used in the treatment of high blood pressure and in lung infl ammation such as asthma, tonsillitis and pharyngitis. A previous report has indicated that C. lanceolata show antilipogenic and anti-infl ammatory effects in mice with alcohol-induced fatty liver and also help in the treatment of cancer disease due to having polyacetylenes, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, triterpenoids and polysaccharides, which contribute to multiple bioactivities (Weon et al 2013 ;He et al 2015 ) .…”