Effect of clinical signs, endocrinopathies, timing of surgery, hyperlipidemia, and hyperbilirubinemia on outcome in dogs with gallbladder mucocele

Abstract

Gallbladder mucocele (GBM) is a common extra-hepatic biliary syndrome in dogs with death rates ranging from 7-45%. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the association of survival with variables that could be utilized to improve clinical decisions. A total of 1194 dogs with a gross and histopathological diagnosis of GBM were included from 41 veterinary referral hospitals in this retrospective study. Dogs with GBM that demonstrated abnormal clinical signs had significantly greater odds of death than subclinical dogs in a univariable analysis (OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 2.14-8.23; P<0.001). The multivariable model indicated that categorical variables including owner recognition of

Impact of intra‐operative hypotension on mortality rates and post‐operative complications in dogs undergoing cholecystectomy

“…(Malek et al 2013). The signalment and presenting signs were consistent with previous studies (Allerton et al 2018, Youn et al 2018, Jaffey et al 2019 A higher ASA grade was associated with a higher risk of mortality prior to discharge in this cohort on univariable analysis. Seventeen percent of dogs (16/93) with an ASA grade of 3-5 died before discharge -much higher than a previously published mortality rate of 1.33% in ASA grade 3-5 dogs (undergoing any type of surgery) in the UK (Brodbelt 2009).…”

“…The overall mortality rates prior to discharge and by 28 days after surgery in this group of dogs were comparable to recent studies (Allerton et al 2018, Jaffey et al 2018, 2019, Youn et al 2018. As in some previous studies, dogs which survived to discharge were likely to still be alive at 28 days after surgery.…”

“…Previous studies have identified immediate post-operative hypotension, elevated serum lactate, elevated creatinine levels, gall bladder rupture and septic peritonitis as negative prognostic indicators for survival in dogs undergoing surgery (Malek et al 2013, Jaffey et al 2018. Jaffey et al (2019) reported a number of variables which appear to affect prognosis in dogs with GBMs including total serum/plasma bilirubin concentration, age, clinical signs, concurrent hyperadrenocorticism and the Pomeranian breed (Jaffey et al 2019).…”

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in dogs with gallbladder mucocele

“…Affected dogs have a high incidence of concurrent endocrinopathies (i.e., hyperadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism, and diabetes mellitus) as well as hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia [17][18][19]. Further, purebred dogs including Shetland Sheepdogs, Miniature Schnauzers, Border Terriers, Cocker Spaniels, Beagles, Chihuahuas, and Pomeranians are overrepresented [19][20][21]. These associations with breed as well as primary hyperlipidemia or endocrine related secondary hyperlipidemia indicate that both genetic and metabolic factors influence disease pathogenesis.…”

“…Dogs with GBM that demonstrate clinical signs attributable to biliary tract disease require emergent surgical removal of the gallbladder. The perioperative mortality rate in these dogs range from 7-45% [19,20,[24][25][26][27][28][29]. In subclinical dogs, there is a paucity of published information available for effective medical options to resolve or even mitigate progression of GBM.…”