Effect of Atrazine, Glyphosate and Quinclorac on Biochemical Parameters, Lipid Peroxidation and Survival in Bullfrog Tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus)

Abstract

Increased use of pesticides worldwide has led to damage not only to natural ecosystems but also to nontarget species. This study assessed the effects of different concentrations of the herbicides atrazine, glyphosate, and quinclorac on biochemical parameters, lipid peroxidation, and survival in tadpoles of Lithobates catesbeianus (bullfrog). Two hundred eighty-eight tadpoles were acquired from a frog farm in the south of Brazil. All animals were kept in aquariums under controlled laboratory conditions for 7 days and exposed to commercial formulations of atrazine (5, 10, and 20 μg/L), glyphosate (36, 72, and 144 μg/L), and quinclorac (0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 μg/L) for 7 days thereafter. The concentrations used in this study are similar to the levels of these herbicides found in natural water bodies. After exposure, gill, liver, and muscle samples were removed from each animal for quantitation of glycogen, total lipids, triglycerides, cholesterol, total proteins, and lipid peroxidation. Atrazine, glyphosate, and quinclorac exposure induced a significant decrease in levels of glycogen and total lipids in gill, liver, and muscle. Triglycerides levels in the gill increased after exposure to glyphosate, and decreased after exposure to atrazine and quinclorac; their levels in liver and muscle decreased on exposure to all herbicides. Cholesterol and total protein levels decreased in liver and muscle for all three herbicides. All tissues exhibited increased lipid peroxidation after exposure to all herbicides. In conclusion, exposure to the herbicides tested in this study induced significant changes in biochemical parameters and increased lipid peroxidation levels in tadpoles of L. catesbeianus.

Effects of guanidinoacetic acid supplementation in all-plant protein diets on growth, antioxidant capacity and muscle energy metabolism of bullfrogRana(Lithobates)catesbeiana

“…However, studies on nutritional requirements of the species are still in infancy. Several studies have been conducted for determination of the optimum dietary protein and lipid levels, protein/lipid ratio, carbohydrate/lipid ratio and dietary methionine requirement of the species (Carmona‐Osalde, Olvera‐Novoa, Rodríguez‐Serna & Flores‐Nava, ; Dornelles & Oliveira, ; Huang, Zhang, Wang, Song & Huang, ; Olvera‐Novoa, Ontiveros‐Escutia & Flores‐Nava, ; Zhang, Huang et al., ; Zhang, Feng et al., ). There are several reports indicating the essentiality of GAA supplementation in plant protein‐based diets for broilers (Heger et al., ; Metwally, Ibrahim & Khater, ; Michiels et al., ; Mousavi, Afsar & Lotfollahian, ; Ringel et al., ; Wang, Shi, Shan & Zhang, ); however, to the best of our knowledge, there is no available research on surveying the effects of GAA inclusion in plant‐based diets for aquatic animals.…”

Exposure during embryonic development to Roundup® Power 2.0 affects lateralization, level of activity and growth, but not defensive behaviour of marsh frog tadpoles

“…As a general consideration, the absence of mortality rate in the different groups tested (both control and exposed) indicates a good quality of the experimental conditions and confirms the sub-lethal concentrations of GBHs. Similarly, no mortality has been observed in experiments using tadpoles exposed to ecologically relevant concentrations of several herbicides (Dornelles and Oliveira, 2014; Wilkens et al, 2019).…”

Subtle effects of environmental stress observed in the early life stages of the Common frog, Rana temporaria

“…The differences between ponds were largely in areas associated with glycogen/carbohydrates and symmetric phosphate stretching, with some protein contribution. Glycogen, and to a lesser extent, protein, is utilised as an energy source in amphibians and may be depleted in response to stressful situations, such as exposure to environmental contaminants, as the organism attempts to maintain homeostasis by compensatory metabolic mechanisms, thus utilising energy reserves4445. Regions of the IR spectrum associated with carbohydrates, particularly glycogen showed marked decreases in the peak heights in spectra of tadpoles from PF and WH (both sites with relatively lower water quality) in comparison to those from CT (higher water quality status).…”

“…Regions of the IR spectrum associated with carbohydrates, particularly glycogen showed marked decreases in the peak heights in spectra of tadpoles from PF and WH (both sites with relatively lower water quality) in comparison to those from CT (higher water quality status). Several studies have measured glycogen levels in tissues of both larval and adult amphibians following exposure to various environmental contaminants, including pesticides such as atrazine444647, glyphosate44, quinclorac44, basudin48, naphthenic acids45 and PAHs49. In general, these studies found depleted levels of glycogen in response to pesticide exposure, although not in all cases46.…”