Effect of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;γ&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;-Valerolactone Blending on Engine Performance, Combustion Characteristics and Exhaust Emissions in a Diesel Engine

Bereczky, Ákos; Lukács, Kristóf; M, Farkas; Dóbé, Sándor

doi:10.4236/nr.2014.55017

Cited by 41 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The standard procedure based on fitting vapor pressure (p s ) and liquid density data (ρ) was used. An optimization procedure utilizing the following objective function was used (6) where N ρ and N ρ s are numbers of experimental points. w ρ,i and w ρ s ,j are statistical weights of experimental data.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Binary Liquid–Liquid Equilibria of γ-Valerolactone with Some Hydrocarbons

et al. 2015

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Liquid−liquid equilibrium data in binary systems γ-valerolactone + hydrocarbon (n-heptane, n-decane, n-dodecane, cyclohexane, and 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-penetene) were determined by direct analytical and cloud-point methods. The experimental data were smoothed by the extended scaling law equation which respects nonclassical behavior of fluid mixtures in critical loci. The nonrandom two-liquid equation's parameters were evaluated from the data obtained, as well. Since the molecule of γ-valerolactone retains a quite high dipole moment, the acquired experimental data on liquid−liquid equilibrium were used for the testing of predictive capabilities of the perturbed-chain polar SAFT equation of state (PCP-SAFT) in comparison to the original PC-SAFT model. Vapor pressures of γ-valerolactone in the temperature range from 264 K to 313 K and its liquid densities at temperatures from 288 K to 363 K were measured and utilized for evaluation of the PCP-SAFT and PC-SAFT parameters. It was found that prediction of liquid−liquid equilibrium performed by the polar PCP-SAFT equation with pure component parameters can be classified as relatively successful. ■ INTRODUCTIONγ-Valerolactone (GVL) is a natural compound which can be found for example in fruits. Recently this compound has gained attention as a versatile sustainable liquid which can be efficiently produced from biomass, preferentially from lignocellulose. The versatility of GVL is very wide. GVL can be utilized as liquid fuel, green solvent, and food additive or as an organic intermediate in the syntheses of other chemicals. To produce GVL from biomass, different technologies are studied. A pioneering technology suggested by Horvath et. al 1 involves a high pressure hydrogenation step which is rather costly for large-scale production of GVL. Romań et al. 2 devised a less expensive method to synthesize the key biofuel component, which could make its industrial production much more costeffective. From this point of view the utilization of GVL as fuel, fuel additive, or fuel precursor seems to be very promising. GVL can be converted to lower molecular weight valerate esters (methyl-, ethyl-, and propyl valerate) suitable for use as a gasoline additive and higher esters (butyl and pentyl valerate) that could be used directly as a diesel fuel or as a diesel additive. 3 Alternatively GVL can be converted to butane molecules which can be further combined to yield longer hydrocarbon chains for diesel or jet fuels. 4 A comparison of GVL with absolute ethanol as a gasoline additive was done by Horvath et al. 5 It was found that most of the data for GVL are comparable with that of ethanol. The lower vapor pressure of GVL even leads to improved performance. According to experiments carried out by Bereczky et al., 6 the addition of GVL to diesel fuels had relatively little effect on engine performance and NO x emission, but it significantly reduced the exhaust concentration of CO, unburned fuel, and smoke. The use of GVL as direct additive to gasoline can be restricted however because of t...

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Binary Liquid–Liquid Equilibria of γ-Valerolactone with Some Hydrocarbons

et al. 2015

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“…3 million tonnes. LA can be reduced to 4‐hydroxyvaleric acid that readily cyclizes via intramolecular dehydration to γ‐valerolactone (GVL), which has been considered as a sustainable liquid and can be used for the production of fuels, fuel additives, fine chemicals and utilized as a solvent or lighter fluid . Consequently, a robust synthesis of LA from cheap and readily available biomass residues is highly desired opening an alternative utilization of large scale formed carbohydrate rich biomass wastes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave‐Assisted Valorization of Biowastes to Levulinic Acid

et al. 2017

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The valorization of cheap and readily available biomass‐based wastes such as various straws, husks, shells and peels, moreover, so far unprecedented, commercial and household wastes produced on large scale, i. e. spent coffee grounds and cooked tea leaves waste were processed as raw materials for the production of levulinic acid, a C5‐platform molecule. The results obtained by applying conventional and microwave dielectric heating at 170 °C were compared. It was revealed that depending on the source, the average product yields were 10–25 wt% when 2 M aqueous sulfuric acid solution was used. By applying microwave irradiation the reaction time can be significantly reduced (30 min instead of 8 h) without a decrease in product formation. The influence of the feedstock's water content on the formation of levulinic acid was investigated revealing that the drying process having significant energy needs can be eliminated from the procedure.

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“…Solely the vapor pressure of the GVL/gasoline blend was lower than that of the ethanol/gasoline blend. Bereczky et al [4] investigated the influence of blending GVL into diesel and bio-diesel in a four-cylinder, unmodified diesel engine. They found that engine performance and NO x -emissions remained unchanged, but carbon monoxide, unburned fuel, and soot emissions were significantly reduced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The oxidation of the novel lignocellulosic biofuel γ-valerolactone in a low pressure flame

Sudholt

Tripathi

Mayer

et al. 2017

Proceedings of the Combustion Institute

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A first oxidation study of the novel lignocellulosic biofuel γ -valerolactone (GVL) has been performed in a low pressure premixed flat flame. A stoichiometric GVL/methane flame was investigated experimentally and numerically at a pressure of 50 Torr. The measurements include flame temperatures and species concentrations. Species profiles from online gas chromatography measurements are presented for about 40 species including oxygen, hydrogen, argon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, hydrocarbon, and oxygenated species with separated isomers. The recent kinetic model for GVL pyrolysis of De Bruycker et al. (2016) was extended for oxidation and the resulting model shows good agreement with the experimental flame data. A reaction pathway analysis was performed, which elucidates the fuel specific oxidation pathways of GVL at the investigated conditions. Additionally, an enthalpy analysis of the flame was performed highlighting the consistency of the different measurement techniques.

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Effect of <i>γ</i>-Valerolactone Blending on Engine Performance, Combustion Characteristics and Exhaust Emissions in a Diesel Engine

Cited by 41 publications

References 35 publications

Binary Liquid–Liquid Equilibria of γ-Valerolactone with Some Hydrocarbons

Binary Liquid–Liquid Equilibria of γ-Valerolactone with Some Hydrocarbons

Microwave‐Assisted Valorization of Biowastes to Levulinic Acid

The oxidation of the novel lignocellulosic biofuel γ-valerolactone in a low pressure flame

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