Effect of Ambient Temperature on Electric Vehicles’ Energy Consumption and Range: Model Definition and Sensitivity Analysis Based on Nissan Leaf Data

Abstract

In this paper, a general quasi-steady backward-looking model for energy consumption estimation of electric vehicles is presented. The model is based on a literature review of existing approaches and was set up using publicly available data for Nissan Leaf. The model has been used to assess the effect of ambient temperature on energy consumption and range, considering various reference driving cycles. The results are supported and validated using data available from an experimental campaign where the Nissan Leaf was driven to depletion across a broad range of winter ambient temperatures. The effect of ambient temperature and the consequent accessories consumption due to cabin heating are shown to be remarkable. For instance, in case of Federal Urban Driving Schedule (FUDS), simplified FUDS (SFUDS), and New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) driving cycles, the range exceeds 150 km at 20 °C, while it reduces to about 85 km and 60 km at 0 °C and −15 °C, respectively. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is reported to assess the impact of the hypotheses in the battery model and of making different assumptions on the regenerative braking efficiency.

Experimental Analysis of Residential Photovoltaic (PV) and Electric Vehicle (EV) Systems in Terms of Annual Energy Utilization

“…During the summer, smaller energy consumption was observed, 17% for urban conditions and 22% for rural residents, including braking energy recovery. The result of another investigation [56] shows decrease of possible driving range from 150 km at 20°C to 85 km at 0°C. Doyle A. et al, 2019 [57] indicated that interior thermal comfort systems consume an average of 14% of the total trip's energy by the cooling system and 18% by a heating operation.…”

Prediction of Electric Vehicle Range: A Comprehensive Review of Current Issues and Challenges

“…Under different simulation conditions, the cooling load in summer will cause a 17.2-37.1% range reduction, and in winter the heating load will cause a range reduction of 17.1-54.0% [34]. The effect of the HVAC system on EV's range, in the condition of variable ambient temperature, was investigated in the case of a Nissan Leaf [35]. Using experimental data, the authors conducted simulations for different driving cycles (NEDC-New European Driving Cycle, FUDS-Federal Urban Driving Schedule and SFUDS-Simplified Federal Urban Driving Schedule) considering extra urban, rural, and motorway driving profiles.…”

Analysis of the Electric Bus Autonomy Depending on the Atmospheric Conditions

“…The energy consumption for the electric vehicles is influenced by the atmospheric conditions, not only from the point of view of the direct influence on the storage capacity of the batteries, but also from the point of view of the increase of the energy consumption due to the supply of the auxiliary systems (heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning in the vehicle), as demonstrated by Iora et al, in [18].…”