Effect of aging on the female reproductive function

Abstract

Aging is a complex biological process that involves the accrual of bodily changes over a long life span. In humans, advanced maternal age is associated with infertility and adverse pregnancy complications. Cellular and organic senescence is hypothesized to contribute to the age-related decline in reproductive function. Accumulating evidence suggests that immune cells play pivotal roles in physiological reproductive function and pregnancy. The concept of “inflammaging” has recently emerged- an age-dependent, low-grade, chronic, and systemic inflammatory state induced by the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which is produced by the innate immune, parenchymal, and nonparenchymal cells within the organs. In the present review, we discuss how cellular senescence and inflammaging accelerate reproductive failure in women by promoting SASP and immune-senescence during the establishment of pregnancy. In addition, we discuss the role of immune cells and their senescence in reproductive function, particularly in the ovaries (the corpus luteum), oviduct, and uterus.

Feasibility of deep learning for predicting live birth from a blastocyst image in patients classified by age

“…Advanced age is a risk factor for female infertility, pregnancy loss, fetal anomalies, and stillbirth . Advanced age has a negative effect on fertility . The fecundity of women decreases gradually but significantly beginning approximately at 32 years and subsequently decreases more rapidly after 37 years.…”

Intrauterine CRH‐treated PBMC in repeated implantation failure

“…This study can be considered as complementary to a previous one published by our group upon the same positive impact on clinical pregnancy rates in case of blastocyst transfers (Table ) . The study design presents major strengths including the use of the same patients as controls, as well as the fact that it involved young participants (age <30 years), ensuring an overall good quality of embryos . This is important especially in case of studying cases with RIF, since RIF is mainly associated with impaired endometrial receptivity and therefore reduced possibility for successful implantation.…”

“…14 The study design presents major strengths including the use of the same patients as controls, as well as the fact that it involved young participants (age <30 years), ensuring an overall good quality of embryos. 18,19 This is important especially in case of studying cases with RIF, since RIF is mainly associated with impaired endometrial receptivity and therefore reduced possibility for successful implantation. Furthermore, in line with recently published studies, 20,21 our study demonstrates that activated PBMC-in this case by CRH-do not need a prolonged time for their effect to take place.…”

Inflammation and angiogenesis in the corpus luteum

“…PMN are widely involved in the regulation of angiogenesis in the developing cow CL . PMN can infiltrate into the developing CL after ovulation, and many PMN are detected in the CL tissue of cows during the early luteal phase . These findings strongly suggest that PMN also are found during the same period in the CL of primates .…”

“…Furthermore, in the cow, EC are directly activated by PMN to induce the sprouting of capillary‐like structures in vitro . PMN can also secrete IL‐8 . IL‐8 is a small protein (8.4 kDa), and its major functions are related to angiogenesis, cell proliferation and apoptosis.…”