EEG sleep in outpatients with generalized anxiety: A preliminary comparison with depressed outpatients

Reynolds, Charles F.; Shaw, David H.; Newton, Thomas F.; Coble, Patricia A.; Kupfer, David J.

doi:10.1016/0165-1781(83)90094-x

Cited by 132 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 17 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Our polysomnographic investigations in patients with nonorganic insomnia related to neurotic and stress-related disorders demonstrated increased sleep latency and decreased sleep efficiency, suggesting difficulties in initiating and maintaining sleep in this sleep disorder, which confirms our own findings [20,21] and those of other authors [16][17][18][19]. Ten milligrams zolpidem shortened sleep latency and increased sleep efficiency as compared with placebo.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…In the limited literature on sleep architecture in insomnia due to anxiety disorders, data are equivocal but mostly report a decrease in sleep stage S2 as the predominant aberration from the norm [16][17][18][19]. This is most interesting, since in our own correlation studies on the relationship between objective and subjective sleep variables, we found that sleep stage S2 was related to the subjective experience of good sleep [22,23].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

“…The limited literature generally supports the presence of difficulties in initiating and maintaining sleep in GAD, while sleep architecture data are less consistent [16][17][18][19][20][21]. It seems that the most consistent aberration from the norm is the decrease in sleep stage 2, which is of interest, because we reported in 1975 that sleep stage 2 was related to the subjective experience of good sleep [22,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Placebo-Controlled Sleep Laboratory Studies on the Acute Effects of Zolpidem on Objective and Subjective Sleep and Awakening Quality in Nonorganic Insomnia Related to Neurotic and Stress-Related Disorder

Saletu-Zyhlarz

Anderer²,

Brandstätter³

et al. 2000

Neuropsychobiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Recent investigations in our sleep outpatient clinic demonstrated that 30% of patients exhibited organic and 70% nonorganic sleep disorders, with 41% showing as an additional diagnosis neurotic, stress-related, and somatoform disorders, 31% affective disorders and 15% mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use. Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate the acute effects of the imidazopyridine zolpidem on objective and subjective sleep and awakening quality in the largest of the above-mentioned groups. In this single-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study, 15 patients (9 females and 6 males aged 51.1 + 11.3 years) diagnosed as having nonorganic insomnia (ICD–10: F 51.0) related to neurotic and stress-related disorders (F 1.1:12, F 41.2:2 and F 43.2:1) were included. Objective and subjective sleep and awakening quality measures were investigated in 3 subsequent nights in the sleep laboratory (adaptation, baseline/placebo and zolpidem 10 mg night), utilizing clinical, polysomnographic, psychometric and psychophysiological methods. The drug-free patients were matched according to age and sex with 15 normal healthy controls (age 51.2 + 11.8 years). Statistical analysis of polysomnographic variables demonstrated a significant lengthening of the total sleep period (TSP) and total sleep time (TST), an improvement in sleep efficiency and a shortening of sleep latencies after zolpidem as compared with placebo. These changes were opposite to the differences between patients and controls. Concerning sleep architecture, zolpidem increased the length of S4 and S3 + S4 as compared with placebo. Subjective sleep and awakening quality and the thymopsychic variables drive, mood, affectivity and wakefulness in the morning showed no significant changes, as a significant improvement had already occurred from the adaptation to the baseline/placebo night. Noopsychic variables (attention, concentration, attention variability, numerical memory, fine motor activity, reaction time measures) showed similar findings. Moreover, subjective sleep and awakening quality, thymopsychic and noopsychic measures during baseline/placebo recordings did not differ significantly from normative data (except for fine motor activity). Psychophysiological measures did not show any significant alterations either, except for a decrease in systolic blood pressure in the evening. Conclusion: As compared with placebo, zolpidem induced a significant improvement in objective sleep quality, mainly by increasing TSP, TST and sleep efficiency and shortening sleep latencies, thereby normalizing the disorder of initiating and maintaining sleep. Deep sleep stages S3 + S4 increased (although at baseline/placebo these stages did not differ from controls), while S1, S2 and SREM did not change significantly. Subjective sleep and awakening quality as well as thymopsychic and noopsychic performance in the morning mainly showed a placebo and ‘first- night effect’ phenomenon in these patients. Thus, the changes induced by zolpidem were somewhat diff...

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Placebo-Controlled Sleep Laboratory Studies on the Acute Effects of Zolpidem on Objective and Subjective Sleep and Awakening Quality in Nonorganic Insomnia Related to Neurotic and Stress-Related Disorder

Saletu-Zyhlarz

Anderer²,

Brandstätter³

et al. 2000

Neuropsychobiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Our EEG sleep data in generalized anxiety are in agreement with those from other studies [6][7][8], Similar EEG sleep patterns have been found in patients with other anxiety disorders, such as panic disorder and panic disorder-agoraphobia [9][10][11]. However, the present find ings in dysthymia are not entirely coincident with those reported by Akiskal et al [2] and Akiskal and Lemmi [3].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

“…Other investigators have failed to demonstrate a consistent reduction of REM sleep latency in dysthymic patients [5]. Investigations carried out in patients with generalized anxiety [6][7][8] and panic-agoraphobia [9][10][11] have found sleep continu ity disturbances and reduced amounts of SWS, while the typical REM sleep changes associated with major and endogenous depression were not present. Taken togeth er, the existing data favor the hypothesis that most dys thymics share with anxious patients the same pattern of EEG sleep disturbances.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and EEG Sleep Changes in Primary Dysthymia and Generalized Anxiety: A Comparison with Normal Controls

Arriaga¹,

Paiva

1990

Neuropsychobiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

All night EEG sleep recordings and clinical assessments of sleep quality were performed in normal controls, patients with generalized anxiety disorder and primary dysthymia. Patients were selected according to DSM-III R. Changes of sleep architecture, namely a reduction of slow wave sleep, are similar in generalized anxiety and dysthymia. Also the two groups do not exhibit the REM sleep disturbances usually observed in affective illness. Duration and continuity measures are unchanged in dysthymics, but anxious patients show some features of insomnia. The analysis of subjective aspects of sleep showed no relevant differences between the two groups of patients. Using a conventional set of EEG sleep parameters, primary dysthymia seems closer to anxiety disorders than to affective illness. However, the reduction of slow wave sleep in dysthymics and anxious patients may have different pathogenic meanings and the analysis of nonconventional sleep parameters may prove useful in this regard.

show abstract

Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders

Benca

Obermeyer²,

Thisted³

et al. 1992

Arch Gen Psychiatry

1,345

623

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

EEG sleep in outpatients with generalized anxiety: A preliminary comparison with depressed outpatients

Cited by 132 publications

References 17 publications

Placebo-Controlled Sleep Laboratory Studies on the Acute Effects of Zolpidem on Objective and Subjective Sleep and Awakening Quality in Nonorganic Insomnia Related to Neurotic and Stress-Related Disorder

Placebo-Controlled Sleep Laboratory Studies on the Acute Effects of Zolpidem on Objective and Subjective Sleep and Awakening Quality in Nonorganic Insomnia Related to Neurotic and Stress-Related Disorder

Clinical and EEG Sleep Changes in Primary Dysthymia and Generalized Anxiety: A Comparison with Normal Controls

Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About